Medicare Essay Thesis Example For Students

Medicare Essay Thesis â€Å"Medical Care, Medical Costs: The Search for a Health Insurance Policy† is an article byRashi Fein outlines the improvement of Blue Cross and Medicare. It follows the needfor, just as the history, and advantages of these two projects. The reason for this articleis to make the peruser mindful of the failure of the old and the handicapped to finance theirown clinical consideration and to outline the requirement for help of Medicare by the network toshare in the vulnerability. The difference of the sorts and wellsprings of the proof aides toThis article is coordinated towards the non-student of history. It is an endeavor to pass on to thecommon voter the significance of Medicare. This heading towards the non-antiquarian canbe found in the utilization of endnotes over references, just as the intrigue toward the finish of thearticle declaring that the comprehension of Medicare by the voters would prompt itsFurther proof of this reason for existing is shown all through the article. The authorslowly develops a comprehension of the requirement for Medicare and Blue Cross by following thedevelopment of protection. And afterward deliberately demonstrating how the old anddisabled would be not able to get the consideration they need without it. This article holds togetherin the orderly way it covers the issue. Another point that holds the article together is its utilization of principally essential sourcematerials. This reduces a portion of the hazard associated with aimlessly tolerating different historiansinterpretations. Additionally, the insightful idea of these articles assists with supporting the article’sThis article achieves it’s motivation behind persuading the peruser concerning the necessityof Medicare using relevant and academic proof, just as through thewell spread out configuration. This article would be valuable in filling its need as an instrument toconvince voters with respect to the need of Medicare.Bibliography:

Sex Education Essays (590 words) - Sex Education, Fertility

Sex Education What is far reaching, reality-based sexuality instruction? Genuine far reaching, reality-based sexuality instruction tries to help youngsters in understanding a positive perspective on sexuality, give them data and abilities about dealing with their sexual wellbeing, and assist them with gaining aptitudes to settle on choices now and in what's to come. In a perfect world, sexuality instruction is educated in manners that are age-and experience-proper in kindergarten through twelfth grade. It is instructed via prepared educators who educate about: sexual advancement, conceptive wellbeing, relational connections, fondness, closeness, body picture, and sex jobs. The objective is to assist youthful with peopling develop into explicitly solid grown-ups. Being explicitly sound incorporates forestalling the negative outcomes of sex, and furthermore incorporates a wide scope of life-upgrading abilities, for example, decisiveness, powerful correspondence, basic reasoning, dynamic, and the ability to construct connections. Extensive sexuality instruction doesn't occur in one spot - it includes guardians, teachers, and different grown-ups in the network. Arranged Parenthood urges guardians to be engaged with checking their youngsters' school programs, and upholding for educational plans they need to have in their kids' schools. We help guardians to talk about sexuality fittingly furthermore, precisely with their kids in network based projects for families. We can't anticipate that youngsters should turn out to be explicitly dependable if the grown-ups in their lives are clueless about sex or awkward discussing it. What are the estimations of far reaching sexuality instruction? Among the qualities characteristic in all actuality based sexuality training are moral duty, regard for oneself as well as other people, and the estimation of sincerely steady connections. The accompanying rundown of qualities concerning sexuality was created by the National Guidelines Team: Sexuality is a characteristic and sound piece of living. All people are sexual. Each individual has nobility and self-esteem. People express their sexuality in shifted ways. In a pluralistic culture like the United States, individuals should regard and acknowledge the assorted variety of qualities and convictions about sexuality that exist in a network. Sexual connections ought to never be coercive or exploitative. All kids ought to be adored and thought about. Every single sexual choice have impacts or results. All people have the privilege and the commitment to settle on capable sexual decisions. People and society advantage when youngsters can talk about sexuality with their guardians and additionally other confided in grown-ups. Youngsters investigate their sexuality as a characteristic procedure of accomplishing sexual development. Untimely inclusion in sexual practices presents dangers. Avoiding sex is the best strategy for forestalling pregnancy and explicitly transmitted contaminations. Youngsters who are associated with sexual connections need access to data about human services administrations. [Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, National Guidelines Task Force, SIECUS, 1991.] For what reason should schools be engaged with sexuality training? While more families are speaking transparently about sexuality, most guardians despite everything maintain a strategic distance from the issue - or unexpectedly hand down hurtful legends and dread. Keeping youngsters uninformed jeopardizes their lives - particularly for the a huge number of teenagers who have just started having intercourse - 61% of male secondary school understudies and 48% of female secondary school understudies. (CDC, U.S. Dept. of Wellbeing and Human Services, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS - US, 1990. MMWR 1992; 40; 885-888.) Schools can give youngsters the realities and the relationship aptitudes they have to turn into mindful grown-ups, and can break the pattern of obliviousness, refusal, and disgrace that frequently passes starting with one age then onto the next. Most guardians state they need their kids to get sexuality instruction in school. One survey discovered that 89% of American grown-ups bolster sexuality instruction in schools, and 73% need schools to make contraceptives accessible to understudies. (Louis Harris and Associates, PUBLIC Perspectives TOWARD TEENAGE PREGNANCY, SEX EDUCATION, AND BIRTH CONTROL. May 1988.) Human Sexuality

Optical Camouflage Free Essays

OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE ABSTRACT: The progression in science is making what we may have thought of as incomprehensible, plausible. People may get undetectable as the extra terrestrials which are viewed as presumably imperceptible. Another innovation gives a route to this. We will compose a custom article test on Optical Camouflage or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In this paper a logical innovation that is utilized to execute this thought is introduced. The optical disguise innovation is one of the celebrated logical advancements which helps in the development of another kind of shroud called the undetectable shroud. This is one of the large insurgencies made in the region of computer generated reality. It is only an idea of impression of light by the shroud. The individual who wears this shroud will feel as exactly what he feels with the customary shrouds yet the individual will be imperceptible to the outside condition. This is the principle bit of leeway of this shroud. There are numerous other fascinating highlights present in this paper about this shroud. Part 1 : INTRODUCTION: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 1 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE Although optical is a term that in fact alludes to all types of light, most proposed types of optical disguise would just give intangibility in the obvious bit of the range. The exploration on the idea of intangibility was begun in 1977 and was effectively cultivated in 2003. At first Professor Tachi from the University of Tokyo said that he had first had creating something to make objects undetectable in 1977. However, the imag e was level and unreasonable. He thought of retro-intelligent material which makes the coat go about as a screen and gives a straightforward †or imperceptible †impact. Also, Duke University is utilizing microwave pillar avoidance, causing it to show up as though nothing were there by any means. In the event that you’ve seen the film â€Å"Harry Potter†, at that point you may perceive the possibility of an imperceptibility shroud. Part 2 : OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE: Optical disguise is a theoretical kind of dynamic cover right now just in an extremely crude phase of improvement. The thought is generally clear: to make the hallucination of intangibility by covering an article with something that extends the scene l egitimately behind that Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 2 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE object. Optical disguise is a sort of dynamic cover which totally envelopes the wearer. It shows a picture of the scene as an afterthought inverse the watcher on it, with the goal that the watcher can â€Å"see through† the wearer, rendering the wearer undetectable. Albeit optical is a term that in fact alludes to all types of light, most proposed types of optical disguise would just give imperceptibility in the noticeable part of the range. Model models and proposed structures of optical disguise gadgets go back to the late eighties at any rate, and the idea started to show up in fiction in the late nineties. Section 2. 1 : Components of the Optical Camouflage: Optical cover doesn’t work by method of enchantment. It works by exploiting something many refer to as increased reality innovation. Expanded reality frameworks add computergenerated data to a user’s tangible observations. Most enlarged reality frameworks necessitate that clients glance through an exceptional survey mechanical assembly to see a genuine scene upgraded with integrated illustrations. They additionally require an amazing PC. Optical disguise requires these things, too, yet it likewise requires a few different segments. ? An article of clothing produced using profoundly intelligent material A camcorder ? A PC ? A projector ? An exceptional, half-silvered reflect called a combiner; which is the review screen CHAPTER 2. 2 : The Cloak: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 3 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE It is comprised of retro-intelligent material. It has an onlooker that gets a greater amount of the reflected light and hence observes a more brilliant refle ction. It very well may be seen far away and outside in brilliant daylight. Part 2. 3 : Other parts: †¢ The camera catches the advanced video behind the individual with the shroud. †¢ The PC orchestrates the illustrations and superimposes them on a true picture. †¢ The projector sparkles a light pillar through an opening constrained by a gadget called an iris stomach. †¢ The combiner (unique mirror) is utilized to both mirror the anticipated picture toward the shroud and let light beams skipping off the shroud to come back to the viewer’s eye. Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 4 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE CHAPTER 3 : CONCEPT OF INVISIBILITY CLOAK: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 5 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE 1. The shroud that empowers optical cover to work is produced using a unique material known as retro-intelligent material. 2. A retro-intelligent material is secured with a large number of little dabs. At the point when light strikes one of these dots, the light beams bob back precisely a similar way from which they came. 3. To comprehend why this is one of a kind, see how light reflects off of different sorts of surfaces. An unpleasant surface makes a diffused reflection on the grounds that the episode (approaching) light beams get dissipated in a wide range of headings. A splendidly smooth surface, similar to that of a mirror, makes what is known as a specular reflection †an appearance wherein episode light beams and reflected light beams structure precisely the same point with the mirror surface. In retroreflection, the glass globules act like crystals, twisting the light beams by a procedure known as refraction. This makes the reflected light beams travel back along a similar way as the occurrence light beams. The outcome: An onlooker arranged at the light source gets a greater amount of the reflected light and in this manner sees a more brilliant reflection. Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 6 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE CHAPTER 4 : WORKING: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 7 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE Once an individual puts on the shroud made with the retro-intelligent material, here’s the arrangement of occasions: †¢ An advanced camcorder catches the scene behind the individual wearing the shroud. †¢ The PC forms the caught picture and makes the counts important to change the still picture or video so it will look practical when it is anticipated. The projector gets the upgraded picture from the PC and sparkles the picture through a pinhole-sized opening onto the combiner. †¢ The silvered half of the mirror, which is totally intelligent, skips the anticipated picture toward the individual wearing the shroud. Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 8 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE †¢ The shroud demonstrations like a film screen, reflecting light legitimately back to the source, which for this situation is the mirror. †¢ Light beams bobbing off of the shroud go through the straightforward piece of the mirror and fall on the user’s eyes. Recollect that the light beams ricocheting off of the shroud contain the picture of the scene that exists behind the individual wearing the shroud. †¢ The individual wearing the shroud seems imperceptible on the grounds that the foundation scene is being shown onto the retro-intelligent material. Simultaneously, light beams from the remainder of the world are permitted come to the user’s eyes, causing it to appear as though an undetectable individual exists in an in any case ordinary looking world. Section 4. 1 : Key Challenges: †¢ Practicality littler PC coordinated substitution of projector combiner. †¢ Purchase patent or permit. †¢ Significant expenses. †¢ Very little cameras and projectors CHAPTER 5 : MUTUAL TELEXISTENCE: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 9 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE CHAPTER 5. 1 :How shared telexistence works: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 10 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE †¢ Human client An is at one area while his telexistence robot An is at another area with human client B. †¢ Human client B is at one area while his telexistence robot B is at another area with human client A. †¢ Both telexistence robots are canvassed in retro-intelligent material with the goal that they demonstration like screens. With camcorders and projectors at every area, the pictures of the two human clients are anticipated onto their separate robots in the remote areas. †¢ This gives every human the recognition that he is working with another human rather than a robot. †¢ Right now, common telexistence is sci-fi, yet it won’t be for long as researchers keep on pu shing the limits of the innovation. Part 6 : REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 11 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE †¢ Doctors performing medical procedure could utilize optical disguise to see through their hands and instruments to the hidden tissue. Giving a perspective outwardly in austere rooms is one of the more whimsical uses of the innovation, however one that may improve the mental prosperity of individuals in such situations. †¢ Pilots setting down a plane could utilize this innovation to make cockpit floors straightforward. This would empower them to see the runway and the arrival gear essentially by looking down. †¢ Drivers backing up vehicles could profit one day from optical cover. A speedy look in reverse through a straightforward back incubate or rear end would make it simple to realize when to stop. Part 7 : OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE SEEN IN: ? Apparition in the Shell. ? 2000 computer game Deus Ex. Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 12 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE ? 2002 James Bond film Die Another Day ? Metal Gear Solid and Halo computer game arrangement. ? The computer game Phantom Crash. ? The Predator film. Part 8 : ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES: Chaitanya Institute of Engineering Technology Page 13 OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE ? Optical Camouflage can be utilized on careful globes or types of gear so they don’t square surgeonâ?

Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The example of security in working environment has seen mind boggling progresss as clasp has gone, because of headway in designing, in spite of the fact that there is as yet significant entirety of difficulties that comes in signifier of damages and unwellnesss ( Hopwood and Thompson, 2006 ) . This is the place biotechnologies comes to play a capacity in doing the working environment ok for exercises that would be done by the representative. Biotechnologies draws regarding numerous matters in its overview of universes and their surroundings, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical innovation, modern innovation, mechanical structure, kinesiology, physiology and mental science ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Dangerous, unfortunate, awkward or wasteful condition of affairss at work or in unremarkable life are maintained a strategic distance from by taking history of the physical and physiological capablenesss and limitations of universes ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . Human wellbeing and security is at ideal degree when the working environment natural parametric amounts are appropriate for the worker ( Story, 2010 ) . Every twelvemonth, not well planned stocks and work environments represent 1000s of damages and soaring expenses. That is the reason biotechnologies the human factor in product and working environment configuration is quick going a significant worry of creators ( Gross, 1995 ) . This examination is about how is tied in with utilizing and legitimate readiness on the utilization of biotechnologies to unremarkable working environment can hinder life jeopardizing unwellnesss, awkwardness, mishaps, and how bosses can rescue cash by slice bringing down costs identified with issues like specialists ‘ pay, truancy and twist around, as it makes tasks increasingly proficient by making work topographic point structures with less slip-ups and better on work environment ease of use ( MacLeod, 1995 ) , with the finish of cut bringing down musculoskeletal awkwardness, expansion work productiveness, effectiveness and solace, as a worker who is progressively comfortable is progressively gainful ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The reason for this examination is to cognize what biotechnologies is all around and how it very well may be joined into the health and wellbeing part. The points of this investigation are ; Diminish risks factors related with poorly structured work Stationss and, To design a work environment that is appropriate for the human natural structure rather than the human natural structure obliging to work environment. To have the option to put, step, control and regulate the word related wellbeing dangers/specialists in the working environment which may do sick wellbeing to representatives. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Biotechnologies is the logical control of fitting working environment conditions and occupation requests to the capablenesss of the working populace, it will in general investigate business related employments that represents a risk of musculoskeletal miracles and methods of soothing them ( Cohen et al, 1997 ) . It is other than the applied logical control that is dedicated to flexibly solace, effectiveness and security into the plan of focuses in the work topographic point ( Shelly and Vermaat, 2010 ) , ergonomic intervention can benefit both manager and worker ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . The International Ergonomics Association characterizes biotechnologies as follows: Biotechnologies ( or human variables ) is the logical subject worried about the misgiving of collaborations among universes and different components of a framework, and the calling that applies hypothesis, rules, informations and strategies to design so as to streamline human prosperity and generally speaking framework open introduction. A major figure of components play a capacity in biotechnologies ; these incorporate natural structure position and movement, ecological elements, data and activity each piece great as work association. Biotechnologies varies from different Fieldss by its interdisciplinary assault and applied nature ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . The advantages of biotechnologies incorporate occupation fulfillment and upgraded laborer thought process, included critical thinking capablenesss, and more noteworthy belief of adjustment. Including staffs can help to put occupation perils, recommend approaches to order these dangers and working with bearing in make up one’s disapproving of how to set this control in topographic point. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has equivalent insight of the connection between universes ‘ health and universes ‘ open introduction ( Schlick, 2009 ) mulling over the occupation, hardware utilized and data utilized ( hypertext move convention:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics ) . Fitting to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the expert ergonomists can work for the administrations ( resolution law ) , creating foundations ( colleges and universities ) , examine constitutions, the administration business ( consultancy ) and creation part ( word related health administrations, powers areas, structure segments, inquire about segments, and so forth ) , they other than composed that the ergonomist features the nations where ergonomic perception is irreplaceable, gives ergonomic rules and prompts inside decorators, purchasers, heading and representatives, on which are progressively adequate frameworks. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Study of Ergonomics goes back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, male parent of word related clinical claim to fame, conjectured on factors inside the workplace that added to his patients ‘ unwellnesss, he portrayed vicious and unpredictable signals, bound and determined position and tonic strain on the musculus as elements that added to musculoskeletal strivings in his patients ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . Be that as it may, in the United Kingdom, biotechnologies began in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were approached to investigate modern conditions, exceptionally of weaponries laborers, this prompted the constitution of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed inquire about on above subject in 1929 in light of the extended scope of work ( long stretches of work, readiness, mishaps, illuming and airing, and plan of the apparatus. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was built up at a gathering held by a little gathering of research laborers at the Admiralty ; this made the general public the most punctual to be shaped known to man ( Meister, 1999 ) . 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The law fills in as a basic guide in complex cultural scene as it gives models or rules that characterize inadmissible and worthy human conduct. A penetrate in this statute can be viewed as crime of the law and the offender could stand up to common or condemnable disciplines the legitimate arrangement of each legislative lawful force and at each level of sorted out society should perpetually oblige to changing requests, so at that spot has and will be a go oning spout of directing Torahs. It is for this ground the lawful framework depends on builds of human errors. Risk bar or extenuation is the dismissing of mix-up by test, examination, rating, peril evaluation, disciplinary activity, and protection redresss. The possibility of a researcher or applied researcher holding contact with law is high, it is astute to go acquainted with the nation of web ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) , as there are a horde of capacities that can be played in region or government regular law activities, la borers ‘ pay examples, claims of legal misdeeds, assertions or interventions, specialists authority hearings, or recognitions influencing Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Vinal, 1999 ) . Blending to Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974, which is rule law, it expresses that ; it is the obligation of the business to move out a peril examination in the work topographic point. Inability to this is viewed as a penetrate in the law and has its belongings. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The cardinal finish of human-focused innovation is to fit human highlights, for example, natural structure size, qualities and failings, and capablenesss and affinities with the applicable properties of gear, endeavors, and procedure ( Kroemer, 2006 ) . The various techniques utilized in the evaluation of biotechnologies incorporate ; I Physical strategies II Psycho physiological strategies III Behavioral and Cognitive Methods IV Team strategies V Environmental strategies VI Macroergonomics strategies ( Stanton et al. , 2005 ) Every one of these strategies make utilization of the accompanying methods recorded underneath ; Estimation crews Anthropometric strategies Estimating fiery capablenesss Estimating musculus quality Estimating mental outstanding task at hand Estimating vision capablenesss Orderly array of data The perfect field evaluation instruments utilized ought to have the undermentioned properties ; Prescient: the device should flexibly prognostic advance of risk of musculoskeletal hurt, Strong: can be utilized in any work situation, Modest: instrument can be accessible at least financial expense, Non-intrusive: ought to non sway when laborer performs or technique work process, Speedy: evaluation could be performed quickly, Simple to use: apparatus could be utilized with least planning, ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the purpose of this evaluation to be done, a few conventions would hold to be met. The main thing that would be done is to procure a work station that can be utilized to move out an ergonomics evaluation, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Center ( LRC ) has been chosen. A proposed getting was set together with the Manager of the LRC to get authorization to move out the evaluation, the executive affirmed of this and sent ne

Six Sigma analysis - Free Essay Example

This semester we chose to develop a Six Sigma analysis on the manufacturing process of computers at Dell, Inc. Our goal was to take the manufacturing process currently in place for the production of laptops and desktop PCs and maximize quality, efficiency, and the longevity of the computers. Historically, Dell has been known as an industry leader in supply chain management. They have been credited with developing supply chain processes that have come to be recognized as some of the most innovative not only in their industry but throughout all business sectors. All of these accolades made Dell an unlikely choice since there didn’t appear to be much room for improvement, at least from a supply chain standpoint. However, over the past few years Dell’s once firm lead on the personal computer market share has begun to deteriorate and they have since lost their hold of the leading market share to top competitor Hewlett-Packard. They are currently in second place in market share but just over the past fiscal year revenues have fallen 33% from the second quarter of 2009 compared to the second quarter of 2010. Some of this drop-off may be attributed to the economic recession; but regardless of external factors a 33% loss is not something to be ignored especially at a time when these types of losses could potentially become a growing trend. Our research indicated that over the past few years the amount of complaints Dell has received regarding faulty manufacturing and shortened life spans for their computers has been continuously growing; so we decided to focus our analysis on determining how to improve on Dell’s quality without diminishing their industry-renowned built-to-order process which is based upon speed and efficiency. Dell’s recent losses are a result of decreased quality and these have subsequently created a lack of trust in Dell’s brand. We set out to not only determine specifically what hardware or software issues these errors can be attributed to; but also in the process, re-strengthen Dell’s brand identity by increasing quality for their products. When we were choosing a company to study and run analysis on, Dell was not necessarily any of our group members’ first choice, primarily because of how successful their supply chain methods had been in previous years. We initially assumed there would be little we could do to improve the process. We began developing a decision by choosing three companies to pick from; Dell, Inc. , Nike, and Herr’s Potato Chip Company. We made a decision after entering several different characteristics into the Decision Lens software and evaluating how strongly we felt about each. Our analysis was based on five criteria which we determined to be the most important for the success of this project. The first criterion was the availability of data. For this project, it was critical to have access to information with as much detail as possible . Such data includes process descriptions, mission statements, business plans, financial earnings, sales, marketing strategies and customer feedback. Without such data, it would have been difficult to evaluate and identify a process that would benefit from a Six Sigma project. All participants in this project recognized the importance of this criterion as evidenced by a 0. 41 weight rating, the highest weight given to any of the criteria. The second criterion was the scope of potential improvement. If the company is already excelling in their processes and dominating the market, it would be difficult to find any room for improvement. One of the companies that we initially considered was Coca-Cola. We subsequently dropped the company from the list because as we could not find many areas we could improve upon. The next criterion was our familiarity with the product. We felt it was important to have at least some knowledge of the company and process before we began the project. Prio r experiences with the company or product could be used to assist in our process improvement. Also, we felt a certain level of awareness could provide us with a better understanding of the company from a customer perspective. Our fourth criterion was complexity of the processes involved. In our analysis, the more complex processes often result in higher chances for imperfection or failure. We also felt that processes that require a trained specialist to enhance would not benefit from our analysis because of our lack of understanding the methods. The fifth criterion was personal interest. This was to ensure we were all engaged and interested in working on the decided project. Our criteria were given weights of . 41 for availability of information, . 35 for scope of improvement, . 1 for familiarity of the product, . 08 for complexity of the process, and . 06 for personal interest. Under these criteria out alternatives returned values of . 47, . 4 and . 125 for Dell, Herr’ s, and Nike respectively with an inconsistency of . 017. Prior to conducting the analysis, we felt Herr’s would be the best company for the project due to our familiarity with the company’s products, its nearby headquarters and the availability of a tour of the manufacturing process. However, Dell made a much larger amount of information more easily accessible to the general public which we determined would be more beneficial for us during this project. Essentially, our goal for this project was to first identify those aspects of the Dell manufacturing process that were not operating properly with regard to efficiency and quality and then develop ways to improve them by decreasing the amounts of money and time necessary to complete them while not further decreasing quality. At one time, Dell had control of the market share with its successful â€Å"direct-to-customer† sale and complex supply models. Rather than manufacture the components it uses to build c omputers, Dell uses an intricate supply model that consists of almost zero stock inventories. The company has built strong, trust-based relationships with its suppliers. Each supplier is carefully chosen based on predetermined criteria which range from quality to warehouse location. However, Dell has recently lost ground in the computer market. This is due primarily to increased competition and rising computer component defects. These issues have occurred in both Dell’s hardware and software, most recently with defective batteries and motherboards. For our Six Sigma project, we selected the design defect issue because of the large number of complaints as well as the high rate of defect reoccurrence. These issues caused frustration among Dell’s customers and support centers. Also to date, Dell has failed to come up with a long-term solution that has effectively reduced the number of defective products. The name we chose for this process is â€Å"Design Quality Co ntrol. † This is because Dell, as mentioned previously, doesn’t manufacture computer components but rather orders them from its suppliers. Therefore, the design of the product and the assembly of the components are the major areas that Dell fully controls. The design is the first step of Dell’s production process. Dell engineers design and develop different styles and accessory options from which the customers can choose. Consequently, the design should be adequate and have undergone sufficient quality control procedures. A good design doesn’t necessarily result in a product free of defects but it helps to significantly reduce their occurrence. Over the past several years, the trust and reliability that Dell has built with its customers has eroded. During this time, competitors such as HP and Apple have made significant gains. Unfortunately, replacements sent to customers also often contain the same or new defects. Fixing the design defects adds additio nal costs to the users who need to ship the defective computers back to Dell as well as to the company itself that will have to replace the component or the product. Customer service and technology support teams are also spending considerable time troubleshooting flawed components and dealing with dissatisfied customers. It is important that Dell respond to the defect issue because, in a recessionary economy, customers are paying more attention to the Quality/Price ratio. Currently, Dell is running the risk of becoming known primarily as a company with faulty products. Such a reputation can damage sales, especially in a period when purchases of computers and other big ticket items are down overall. For this project we used the same concept of improvement used by Motorola and we targeted a 100-fold improvement. The starting point of the project is when Dell’s engineers begin gathering requirements for the new computer model or option. The process ends when the suppliers of all parts or software are selected and an execution plan is created. We did not set out to change the assembly process but through our results we feel it should be addressed under a separate six sigma process. Our first constraint was the completion time for this project. We felt it needs to be started quickly so the company can start effectively competing again. The second constraint was that our project should not increase the design time. This is important as technology advances quickly and Dell needs to keep up with the developments at the same pace of its competitors or faster. The Design Quality Control project will have an important impact on Dell and its customers. By improving the design and engineering of Dell’s computers, there will ultimately be a lower work load for Dell’s repair and customer service departments. This will lead to reduced operating costs for these departments. The project will also have a positive impact on the cost of production. With a successful implementation, Dell will be able to reduce the cost of product maintenance in addition to cutting down on the repair or replacement of defective units. It will also be possible for the company to decrease the number of employees in their call centers. This will permit Dell to focus on production and innovation at lower costs while increasing revenues. Statistics show that three of every five computers sold in the United States are defective or will have defects in less than one year of operation. This is a defect rate of 60% (https://answers. google. com/answers/threadview? id=304307 ). According to an independent study, the average cost of repairing a defective computer is $200. In the third quarter of 2008, Dell had 13. 6% of the global PC market (https://retailindustry. about. com/od/topusretail- companies/p/dellincprofile. htm) and about 176. 8 million customers (13. 6% of 1. 3 billion PCs https://news. zdnet. com/2100-9584_22-140272. html ). Based on the statistics above, the cost of fixing all of Dell’s defective units would be approximately $21. 2 billion (176. 8M*60%*200=$21. billion). The project would permit Dell to avoid the cost of replacing or repairing components and reduce the cost related to a higher call volume in the customer service departments. In addition, it would reduce the cost of warranties and reassembly of products. The design process was split into six parts: concept or idea creation, research and market study, feedback and development, testing and evaluation, product finalization, and finally action plan creation. Dell is currently using PTC Windchill software to design almost all of its product line from the concept to servicing. However, the software can only be as good as the data input and it cannot eliminate the need for testing and product evaluation. For this project, the Critical to Quality (CTQ) parameters required that a detailed, upgraded design plan be first completed and tested prior to following through with the project. Using these results, we determined to move forward with the project. Furthermore, all stakeholders, including shareholders, all employees, customers, and suppliers needed to be informed and consulted on the details of the plan prior to and during its completion. Also, employees that work directly in the customer service and repair divisions of the company needed to be reassured that these improvements are necessary for the continued growth of the company. In order for the project to be successful, they needed to know that no employee’s job is necessarily in jeopardy as a result of the project. Finally, to ensure continued quality after the completion of the project, the objectives needed to be synthesized with the overall strategy of the company. It is important to have a fairly specific cost estimate as well as a timetable for completion prior to beginning the project. We estimated that a full overview and re-engineered design could be completed, tested, and entered into mass production within one year. However, since this is not a new device or even a completely new design, we felt that we should aim for project completion in approximately eight months. Timing is critical because the longer people continue to purchase potentially defective devices, the more the brand suffers. The goal was to deliver the improved model to the public as soon as possible but without rushing it through quality testing. Finance measurements also play a key role in the success of the project. The cost of this project cannot exceed the amount that the problem is currently costing the company. Given the potentially enormous cost of these defects, this project should be considered as more of a reinvestment in the company’s dedication to quality as opposed to another company cost. In design matters, Dell takes advantage of Small and Medium Business (SMB) feedback, historical purchasing data, and analysis of technology and ind ustry trends to define the appropriate specifications for the majority of its notebooks and computers. The key to producing cost-effective notebooks and computers, while still incorporating some of the same primary design tenets as high-end models, lies in understanding how specific components can affect the cost and complexity of the system. For example, each memory slot, hard disk drive, PCI slot, rear or front I/O feature requires the incorporation of the connectors as well as the associated electrical components, motherboard space, reserve power capacity, cooling capacity, and associated mechanical structures. Similarly, each hard drive bay requires many of those same components in addition to a backplane board space for hot-pluggable configurations. Furthermore, each motherboard requires supporting electrical components and motherboard space. Notebooks and computers are designed to help meet the needs of small and medium sized businesses in a cost-effective way through ba se configurations that incorporate the minimum feature set. The basic problem of the design begins when incorporating the components of the computer. The lifetime of the components largely depends on the way the notebook or computer has been designed. For example, space should be provided for the motherboards to cool down. If the cooling capacity is not sufficient there is a chance that the components on the motherboard might fail. In setting up our process maps for testing during the initial run for our current state we did not expect to find optimal results. It was after this first run where we determined what our â€Å"current state† is and what our â€Å"desired state† would be. More specifically, this phase revealed to us exactly how much improvement is necessary for Dell to achieve their desired state. Once the initial run of testing was completed we were also able to more clearly determine the major fault-points. By indicating which aspects of the product and assembly are creating the most frequent trouble we were then able to establish the best strategy to catch and avoid those issues during future production. This would also give us a much more accurate estimation of total cost for the implementation of this process. As of right now we can only make rough estimations of what this strategy would cost Dell but after getting a better idea of how severe the problem is we could make a better projection. Upon being implemented, we expect the reliability of Dell’s hardware components to significantly improve ultimately leading to the overall advancement of Dell’s computers. We fully expect this process to be pivotal in the reshaping of Dell’s product quality and as a result of that improvement their image will also improve. In the long term, implementing continuous and consistent components reliability testing will force Dell to improve their product. More products will be tested and more products will show up a s containing errors. A larger variety of errors will be tested for and more errors than ever before will be detected. The more problems Dell looks for and identifies the more prevention they will be able to do for future production and this will ultimately lead to a decrease in problem errors. Overall, this process was designed to make Dell money through decreasing product repair costs and improving sales through brand enhancement. By improving Dell’s quality, we improve Dell’s image and this will lead to a return to a number one spot in industry market share trough increased sales. For our gage RR study, our first test was collecting information about the components’ lifetime (by reading the barcode printed by the manufacturing company on the back of each component and comparing it to the lifetime cycle of the computer as determined by the designers). For this exercise, the test consisted of two inspectors testing three different computers models and test ing four components (Motherboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory, Hard Drive) for each model four times. TB1: Standard Order for Collecting Data for the Gage RR Study. Row| Unit| Component| Inspector| Measurement| Row| Unit| Component| Inspector| Measurement| 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343 536373839404142434445464748| 111111111111111111111111111111112222222222222222| MotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCPUMemo yMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard driveHard driveHard driveMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCP UMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard driveHard driveHard driveMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCP UMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard driveHard driveHard drive| JohnJohnJohnJohnJohn John John John John John John John John John John John GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorge GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeJohnJohnJohnJohnJohn John John John John John John John John John John John | To be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collected| 495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778 98081828384858687888990919293949596| 222222222222222233333333333333333333333333333333| MotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCPUMemo ryMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard dri veHard driveHard driveMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCP UMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard driveHard driveHard driveMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardMotherboardCPUCPUCPUCP UMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryHard driveHard driveHard driveHard drive| GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorge GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeJohnJohnJohnJohnJohn John John John John John John John John John John John GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorge GeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorgeGeorge| To be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collected| TB2: Random Order for Collecting Data for the Gage RR Study. Row| Stand. Order| Unit| Component| Inspector| Measurement| Row| Stand. Order| Unit| Component| Inspector| Measurement| 1| 27| 1| Memory| George| To be collected| 49| 50| 2| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 2| 46| 2| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 50| 65| 3| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 3| 52| 2| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 51| 74| 3| Memory| John | To be collected| 4| 19| 1| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 52| 58| 2| Memory| George| To be collected| 5| 94| 3| Hard drive| George| To be ollected| 53| 39| 2| CPU| John | To be collected| 6| 3| 1| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 54| 5| 1| CPU| John | To be collected| 7| 64| 2| Ha rd drive| George| To be collected| 55| 24| 1| CPU| George| To be collected| 8| 90| 3| Memory| George| To be collected| 56| 4| 1| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 9| 53| 2| CPU| George| To be collected| 57| 63| 2| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 10| 20| 1| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 58| 47| 2| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 11| 28| 1| Memory| George| To be collected| 59| 44| 2| Memory| John | To be collected| 12| 33| 2| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 60| 76| 3| Memory| John | To be collected| 13| 60| 2| Memory| George| To be collected| 61| 34| 2| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 14| 85| 3| CPU| George| To be collected| 62| 92| 3| Memory| George| To be collected| 15| 10| 1| Memory| John | To be collected| 63| 41| 2| Memory| John | To be collected| 16| 87| 3| CPU| George| To be collected| 64| 55| 2| CPU| George| To be collected| 17| 25| 1| Memory| George| To be collected| 65| 37| 2| CPU| John | To be collected| 18| 38| 2| CPU| John | To be collected| 66| 84| 3| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 19| 61| 2| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 67| 57| 2| Memory| George| To be collected| 20| 49| 2| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 68| 80| 3| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 21| 30| 1| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 69| 43| 2| Memory| John | To be collected| 22| 81| 3| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 70| 2| 1| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 23| 83| 3| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 71| 40| 2| CPU| John | To be collected| 24| 51| 2| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 72| 48| 2| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 25| 8| 1| CPU| John | To be collected| 73| 31| 1| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 26| 29| 1| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 74| 13| 1| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 27| 69| 3| CPU| John | To be collected| 75| 35| 2| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 28| 54| 2| CPU| George| To be collected| 76| 22| 1| CPU| George| To be collected| 29| 59| 2| Memory| George| To be collecte d| 77| 88| 3| CPU| George| To be collected| 30| 17| 1| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 78| 93| 3| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 31| 16| 1| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 79| 70| 3| CPU| John | To be collected| 32| 72| 3| CPU| John | To be collected| 80| 42| 2| Memory| John | To be collected| 33| 79| 3| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 81| 14| 1| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 34| 86| 3| CPU| George| To be collected| 82| 77| 3| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 35| 91| 3| Memory| George| To be collected| 83| 67| 3| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 36| 12| 1| Memory| John | To be collected| 84| 15| 1| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 37| 23| 1| CPU| George| To be collected| 85| 32| 1| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 38| 9| 1| Memory| John | To be collected| 86| 73| 3| Memory| John | To be collected| 39| 68| 3| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 87| 18| 1| Motherboard| George| To be collected| 40| 66| 3| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 88| 36| 2| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 41| 7| 1| CPU| John | To be collected| 89| 78| 3| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 42| 6| 1| CPU| John | To be collected| 90| 89| 3| Memory| George| To be collected| 43| 21| 1| CPU| George| To be collected| 91| 95| 3| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 44| 26| 1| Memory| George| To be collected| 92| 62| 2| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 45| 1| 1| Motherboard| John| To be collected| 93| 71| 3| CPU| John | To be collected| 46| 11| 1| Memory| John | To be collected| 94| 96| 3| Hard drive| George| To be collected| 47| 75| 3| Memory| John | To be collected| 95| 56| 2| CPU| George| To be collected| 48| 45| 2| Hard drive| John | To be collected| 96| 82| 3| Motherboard| George| To be collected| For the second test we collected information about the components’ performance (we used CPUInfo software which read four performance criteria: Measured CPU Speed, Rated CPU Speed, Caches and Memory). For this exercise, the test consiste d of two inspectors testing one computer three times during different phases of the computer lifetime (Phase 1= after assembly, Phase 2 = after 3 years of use and Phase 3 = end of 5 year of use). In each phase, the component performance is measured four times to obtain measurement for four performance criteria. TB1: Standard Order for Collecting Data for the Gage RR Study. Row| Phase| performance criteria| Inspector| Measurement| Row| Phase| performance criteria| Inspector| Measurement| 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343 36373839404142434445464748| 111111111111111111111111111111112222222222222222| Measured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMeasure d CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMeasu re d CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemory| TinaTinaTinaTinaTina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina MariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMaria MariaMariaMariaMariaTinaTinaTinaTinaTina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina | To be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be colle ctedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collected| 495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778 798081828384858687888990919293949596| 222222222222222233333333333333333333333333333333| Measured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMeasure d CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMeasure d CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedMeasured CPU SpeedRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDRATED CPU SPEEDCachesCachesCachesCachesMemoryMemoryMemoryMemory| MariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMaria MariaMariaMariaMariaTinaTinaTinaTinaTina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Tina Mar iaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMariaMaria MariaMariaMariaMaria| To be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collectedTo be collected| For the Random test, since we could not randomly select Phases for the same computer, we assumed we would use three identical computers with each one in a different Phase (Unit1= Phase1, Unit2 = Phase2, unit3=Phase3) TB2: Random Order for Collecting Data for the Gage RR Study. Row| Stand. Order| Unit| performance criteria| Inspector| Measurement| Row| Stand. Order| Unit| performance criteria| Inspector| Measurement| 1| 88| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 49| 15| 1| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 2| 2| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be ollected| 50| 36| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 3| 74| 3| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 51| 92| 3| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 4| 44| 2| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 52| 43| 2| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 5| 39| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 53| 45| 2| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 6| 27| 1| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 54| 4| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 7| 91| 3| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 55| 19| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 8| 12| 1| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 56| 81| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 9| 71| 3| RATED CP U SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 57| 64| 2| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 10| 31| 1| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 58| 56| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 11| 80| 3| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 59| 42| 2| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 12| 24| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 60| 65| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 13| 26| 1| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 61| 90| 3| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 14| 53| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 62| 58| 2| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 15| 83| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 63| 54| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 16| 61| 2| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 64| 23| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 17| 75| 3| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 65| 57| 2| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 18| 22| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 66| 49| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 19| 67| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 67| 32| 1| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 20| 13| 1| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 68| 79| 3| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 21| 6| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 69| 46| 2| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 22| 33| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 70| 41| 2| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 23| 10| 1| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 71| 38| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 24| 77| 3| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 72| 84| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 25| 17| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 73| 76| 3| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 26| 55| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be ollected| 74| 35| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 27| 16| 1| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 75| 89| 3| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 28| 78| 3| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 76| 82| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 29| 40| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 77| 51| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be colle cted| 30| 68| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 78| 62| 2| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 31| 73| 3| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 79| 34| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 32| 37| 2| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 80| 21| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 33| 69| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 81| 28| 1| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 34| 52| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 82| 5| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 35| 95| 3| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 83| 18| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 36| 30| 1| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 84| 85| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 37| 59| 2| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 85| 29| 1| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 38| 47| 2| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 86| 66| 3| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 39| 20| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 87| 3| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 40| 25| 1| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 88| 86| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 41| 60| 2| Caches| Maria| To be collected| 89| 48| 2| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 42| 1| 1| Measured CPU Speed| Tina| To be collected| 90| 94| 3| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 43| 63| 2| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 91| 70| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 44| 11| 1| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 92| 87| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Maria| To be collected| 45| 14| 1| Memory| Tina | To be collected| 93| 50| 2| Measured CPU Speed| Maria| To be collected| 46| 7| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 94| 8| 1| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 47| 72| 3| RATED CPU SPEED| Tina | To be collected| 95| 96| 3| Memory| Maria| To be collected| 48| 9| 1| Caches| Tina | To be collected| 96| 93| 3| Memory| Maria| To be collected| CTQ| Criteria| Test| Decision| Fast Processing Time | The process time should be short to allow Dell to compete. Dell needs to meet the product release date. | Compare the effective release date for each product with the original publicly communicated release date. | If the effective release date is the same or prior to the predetermined release date, then the process is satisfactory. If not the process  need improvement. | Product Functionality| -The product should turn on when the power switch is turned on and stay on until it is turned off. The product should respond accurately   and within 15 seconds to a user’s commands. | -Randomly select computers after assembly, connect to power and manually turn them on and off 10 times, each time for different legths (5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 12h and 24h)   Randomly select computers after assembly connect to power and manually turn them on while measuring the response time after each basic command. | -If the computer didn’t start or unexpectedly shutdown at any time during this test, then the design needs improvements. If the computer turned on when the switch was turned on for e ach test and turned off when requested then the design is satisfactory. If the response time was greater than 15 seconds then the design need improvements. If the response time is less or equal than 15 second then the design is satisfactory. | Component Reliability| All components should at least last for the product’s lifetime. (Lifetime for an average computer is 5 years) -Performance of all components should stay the same through the product’s lifetime (assuming that we start with high performance, high performance is 4 to 5 million arithmetic and logical operations in a second). | -Compare the lifetime of each component with the computers presumed lifetime. -Measure the performance of the same product during multiple phases of its lifetime. We will use the following performance criteria: *Measured CPU Speed*Rated CPU Speed*Caches*Memory (Dell may have better measurement tools but for this project we are going to use CPUInfo software as the evaluation tool). | -I f at least one component of a computer is found with a lifetime cycle shorter than the lifetime cycle of the computer, then design needs improvement. If all of the components lifetime cycle exceed the product lifetime cycle, then the design is satisfactory. -If one performance criterion for a computer is different from Dell’s original setup of the performance target during the design phase at any time during the product lifetime cycle, then the design needs improvement. If all performance criteria stays identical to Dell’s original criteria for the entire lifetime cycle, then the design is satisfactory. Product Reproducibility| -Product should be reproducible at any time and at any quantity with the same customer’s requirements and characteristics | Compare products side by side  | If the products have the same exact components, speed, performance, quality, then the design is satisfactory. If any difference was identified then the design needs improvements. | Standardized Production Steps | Each product should go though the same exact production and quality control steps: design, assembly,  evaluation and shipment. | Follow the production steps for the same and for different products. | If the any step was missing or was added then the design needs improvement. If the same steps were followed, then the design is satisfactory. | For our two-way ANOVA test our goal was to set up an analysis that would allow us to determine the degree of dependency between the number of replaced parts (defects) and four different factors: type of Dell computers used (notebook, laptops or desktops), type of users (student/school, home/office or IT professionals/developers), type of design (custom design, partially custom design or Dells standard design) and time of use (one year, three years or five years). For this study we planned to randomly select male and female owners of Dell computers and separate them into 81 groups. Each group would contain 10 individuals that satisfy the criteria determined by the combination of factors and levels as shown in the table. During the study, we would ask each individual about one type of computer even if the individual owns multiple types of Dell computers. The question would be, â€Å"Was any part of your computer replaced since you purchased your computer from Dell Inc.? † This experiment has nine levels on each side of the table:   (custom design, partially custom design and standard design)*(one year, three years and five years) and (student/school, home/office and IT professionals/developers)*(notebook, laptops and desktops) In this example, we are interested in testing the following Null Hypotheses:   H1: The number of parts replaced does not depend on the type of use   H2: The number of parts replaced does not depend on the type of the omputer used   H3: The number of parts replaced does not depend on the type of the Design   H4: The number of parts replaced does n ot depend on the number of years of use Our anticipation was to find that the custom design computers are subject to higher rate of defects than the partially custom design computers. Our hypothesis was that the error rate gets higher as more time passes and as the uses become more sophisticated. We did not anticipate a significant difference for the defect rate among the different types of Dell computers. In our analysis we set out to find if there is in fact a relationship among the usage, age, user, and design and the number of times parts need to be replaced. The rationale for this analysis was so if we do find a relationship between any of these factors we could then make recommendations to Dell on how to prevent these types of malfunctions for future users. Ideally, we would like to be able to find some form of relationship because it would enable us to create preemptive measures and allow Dell to alter design specifications for these products. If a relationship exists this could be extremely beneficial to Dell because they would then be able to request information from their customers about usage types, and the length of time they planned to use the computer, etc and then Dell could create the computer based on these specifications. Two-Way ANOVA Table Factors| Student/School| Home/Office| IT Professionals/Developers| | Notebook| Laptops| Desktops| Notebook| Laptops| Desktops| Notebook| Laptops| Desktops| Custom Design| One year| 4| 5| 5| 4| 7| 5| 5| 7| 7| | Three years| 6| 7| 6| 5| 6| 5| 5| 7| 6| Five years| 7| 7| 5| 6| 7| 4| 7| 8| 7| Partially Custom Design| One year| 5| 5| 4| 4| 5| 3| 7| 6| 3| | Three years| 4| 3| 4| 4| 6| 4| 5| 6| 6| | Five years| 4| 5| 5| 5| 5| 5| 5| 7| 6| Dells Standard Design| One year| 4| 4| 2| 0| 2| 4| 1| 2| 3| | Three years| 3| 4| 3| 1| 4| 3| 1| 4| 2| | Five years| 4| 4| 1| 4| 4| 3| 2| 6| 2| *The data in this table are fakes. The next aspect we covered was building a simulation of the company’s current manufacturing supply chain as well as a comparative â€Å"improved† supply chain model, and finally an â€Å"ideal† model to show how the company could create a seemingly â€Å"perfect† model assuming all other variables and resources would not interfere. For all three simulations we used a warm-up period of 2,400 minutes with results collected after 4,800 minutes. The working time was 16 hours per day with a five day week. The total run time for each simulation was 7,200 minutes and each operation kept the same operating time for the three maps. However, the percentage of â€Å"Yes† decisions improved from Current through Ideal. It’s also important to mention for the purposes of these maps that they were slightly modified since we assumed that each order received was for one single unit although realistically this process is actually being conducted hundreds and possibly even thousands of times each day concurrently with one another. In the current state of the process map we were able to produce sixty nine computers per week, in the improved state of the process map the simulation ended up producing one hundred and thirteen computers per week and in the Ideal state of the process map the simulation ended up producing one hundred and nineteen computers. From the results of the simulations, we noticed an improvement in the number of units produced after the implementation of multiple quality controls steps and improvement of the feedback between customers, customer service, suppliers and production unit. Given the results, we believed that the improved process is worth implementing from a quality and efficiency perspective. However, we don’t have a good estimate for the cost. Our goal in improving the current process was to cut down on errors and customer complaints by adding additional product and quality check points while also attempting to maintain the same or similar total times. The increase from sixty-nine computers produced to one hundred thirteen between the current to improved states was a large but expected increase but the one hundred thirteen to one hundred nineteen was not as large of an increase as we had expected indicting to us that our improved state, although not necessarily the ideal process, was incredibly close to what we would consider an idyllic model. Listed on the following three pages in three separate process maps are the results we got upon running Dell’s current, improved and ideal. Ultimately, through the use of process maps and the results of statistical analysis based on the numbers that were available for us for this project we feel that we have not only been able to successfully improve on Dell’s current supply chain model but also advise them on a number of important methods and strategies to implement and control these new models and ensure that they will thrive within their current system. Overall we feel Dell needs to make improvements on their c omputer designs in relation to the where specific parts will be placed for specific users. As stated previously, the life of a computer can be greatly influenced by how the user utilizes it. Certain components of the same model may need to be upgraded or replaced in a much shorter span of time because of how the computer is most commonly used. Dell already has the resources to determine this information while building the computer so that they can prevent these issues before they ever arise and extend the life of their machines. This means researching new, innovative designs to determine if simply rearranging the placement of certain parts alone would correct the problem or if it would require a set of upgraded parts. Building a strong, long-term relationship with their suppliers would also benefit Dell. Suppliers could help to make very valuable recommendations to Dell as well as aid in the reengineering of Dell’s designs. In combination with research is also the statisti cal testing. Determining whether there is correlation between errors and usage or errors and specific parts all begins with statistical testing and should be continued with as many different facets of the manufacturing process as necessary. A large part of implementing a six sigma strategy is establishing goals and accountability throughout all levels of an organization. This is important to not only track progress but also to reinforce that this is a company-wide agenda not just centered on manufacturing, design, and upper management. All employees should feel a sense of responsibility and personal drive to take action in making recommendations for improvements. Also, if employees feel that top management is truly on board and involved in these improvements it will send a strong message throughout the organization that this strategy is for the long-term and not just a passing phase. Finally, in closing, it is also important that Dell not forget and disregard what they do well. T heir core competency is, and has been, for over a decade, their quick and efficient supply chain model. They successfully revolutionized the omputer industry with their built-to-order service and the incredible speed and efficiency at which they could produce personalized computers. So they certainly should not abandon the strategies that have brought them success. They should however increase the quality checks within the current model (which is what we did in our process maps). Speed and efficiency mean nothing if the product isn’t built properly and needs to be returned, costing the company money and aggravating customers. Among other initiatives, Dell’s mission statement outlines the goal to produce computers of the highest quality so this should be held to the highest standard in the manufacturing process.

10 Tips on How to Write a Term Paper

How to Write a Term Paper: 10 Easy Steps You might go through college receiving only C's and still get the diploma, but it's that A+ that gives you a real sense of fulfillment. If you want to take your academic writing on a new level and you're in dire need of some handy tips for writing a college term paper, we've got your back covered. The following 10 term paper writing tips will go through the whole writing process and focus on the most important things you need to know about each stage. 1. Pick up the Topic If you want to know how to write a good term paper, try to make it creative from the very beginning. This means that your topic has to be interesting and unusual. If you have the freedom of picking it up by yourself, you should definitely make this situation work for you. The best choice you can make is the topic you're personally interested in and already have some experience with. This will make term paper writing easier because you'll have enough motivation and basic knowledge to begin with. If the topic was already assigned to you, you can still make it more personalized. Usually, professors come up with rather wide assignments that you can narrow down and focus on more specific angles of the subject. The main thing you will want to achieve here is to try to set your topic away from the obvious viewpoints that other students will follow. By doing so, you'll be able to create something unique even based on a generic assignment. At the same time, you shouldn't get too focused on the topic you have initially chosen. Many students make a mistake of picking up a subject and then doing everything to make their paper fit the topic. In reality, it's possible that after you research a broad topic, you'll find out that there is a better angle to approach it instead of the one you first thought of. When this happens, just alter your topic to reduce the workload and make the process more enjoyable. 2. Research Your Topic What is a term paper? The definition is simpler than you might think - it's just a summary of topic research. So before you start writing, you need to gather enough information. In case you're working with a topic you already have some knowledge in, you might feel a temptation to skip the research stage and base the paper on what you already know. However, that's not something you should be doing because then you miss the point of a term paper - to learn something new. Research is also an exciting thing to do because through it you can discover completely new sides of an old problem. So don't be intimidated by this preparatory step, rather see it as an adventure. The ground you can cover will depend only on your amount of available time and motivation. Nevertheless, try to apply primary, as well as secondary sources, which are analyses and interpretations of the primary ones. 3. Polish the Thesis Statement Once it comes to the moment when you need to write a college term paper, most people decide to begin with the thesis statement. It's a justified decision since that's the most essential part of the paper. In a nutshell, a thesis statement is the strongest idea that you'll try to defend throughout the whole paper by providing arguments, examples, statistics, etc. The thesis needs to be intriguing for the readers so that they would want to continue reading and find out more. One thing you need to remember is that this point is not the end of the research. Moreover, at this stage your thesis statement should also be flexible. As we've already mentioned in the first part about the topic, it's always possible that you'll discover better approaches later in the writing process. If this happens, don't hesitate to adapt the thesis and take your research in a slightly different direction. On the contrary, don't wonder for too long being afraid to commit to only one idea. The deadlines will not be cancelled, and the faster you decide, the more time you'll have for writing. 4. Write the Outline This step is not compulsory, and many people decide to skip it. But if you're a less experienced writer are ready to commit to the process completely, writing the outline can be very helpful. Doing this before starting with the paper itself will give you a chance to develop the skeleton of the paper and will set a clear direction to follow. As always, the outline is also allowed to be flexible and open to changes but at the same time, it should give you a feeling of structure which is difficult to achieve without the outline. 5. Introduction Writing the introduction is not easy so you might risk losing your motivation at the very beginning. But don't get discouraged, introduction consists of only a few sentences, and the main one of them you've already written as the thesis statement. Don't be too critical of your first introduction draft because you can always come back to it and change something. One technique we find useful is following the HIT scheme: H - use a hook to attract the reader. It can be an anecdote, a quote, a fact, etc. I - introduce the topic very shortly and clearly, ideally with one sentence. T - finish the introduction with the thesis statement. Finally, if you used some complex words in the title, the introduction is the best place to define them. 6. Body Paragraphs The number of body paragraphs will be decided by the number of arguments you want to present. You have to make a clear distinction between each idea and dedicate separate paragraphs to them. Every body paragraph should start with its own thesis sentence that reflects a part of the main one. Usually, this sentence is short and clear, it only states the idea that will be discussed without yet getting into the discussion. To check if you did this right, read the first sentence of each body paragraph. If they sound like a list of arguments, the job is done. 7. Conclusion It's always a bit confusing to decide what exactly you should write in the conclusion. One technique you can use is ROCI. R - restate the thesis using different words. O - highlight one important detail you'd like the reader to remember. C - conclude the paper. I - leave the reader with a lasting impression. 8. Style Now that the writing part of the paper is over, it's high time you made it look presentative and readable. This means checking whether you've cited all sources, meeting the requirements of a specific academic style (MLA, APA, Chicago), sorting out the bibliography, checking tables, and so on. Including quotes is obviously necessary, but try not to rely on them too heavily. Your own thoughts are what ultimately builds the paper so borrowing most information from elsewhere won't get you far. 9. Edit You might think that running your paper through a spelling checker is enough, but it never is. In fact, it's only one of many steps of proofreading. Check your grammar, double words, spelling, and punctuation. Once you think you're done, go over the text again and you'll notice that you still haven't picked up everything. One or two inaccuracies might be forgiven, but if your paper is riddled with mistakes, it will really show that you didn't even make an effort. That's the impression that will never help you get an A+. 10. Title Some prefer to start everything with writing the title while others leave it for the very end. There is no right approach, but if you're still stuck with composing this one essential part of a term paper, try to brainstorm it with other people. It's possible that a fresh mind will come up with a solution a lot faster. The main rule that you need to meet when it comes to a title is that it has to be interesting and intriguing. Very often, the title is the only thing that decides whether the reader will start reading the paper or not. If you follow these ten steps, writing a term paper will be of no difficulty for you. Just remember to start in advance and plan your work well. Our custom written  term papers and other kinds of academic assignments are always done especially for you. Blog tags:Term Paper

Research On Stem Cell Research - 1459 Words

To Provide Medical Treatments or Not People with serious medical conditions constantly seek assistance and cures for recovery. However, many of these problems are currently untreatable. Scientists constantly try to find new ways to help patients in need. Studies done in the past few years have displayed many possible methods. Stem cell research is a recent discovery that brings intense controversy: one side believes that the research is beneficial to the advancement of finding medical treatments and technologies, and the other questions whether the studies and experiments done in the field are ethical. Before understanding the history of stem cell research, one must understand its possibility of being used to cure people with medical†¦show more content†¦With 10 and 11 clinics, respectively, Phoenix and Scottsdale, Ariz., represented another cluster. New York had 14 clinics, and San Antonio had 13† (Kaplan, Karen). Advancements in stem cell research have made many peop le start their own stem cell clinic to treat patients with serious injuries or medical conditions. The possibility to make a lot of money from a new technology is attractive to people and several have chosen to start a stem cell clinic to provide treatments to patients across the country. Policies are currently being developed by the NIH to regulate stem cell research. Recently, in August of 2016, â€Å"NIH released a draft of a policy that would change the guidelines to allow funding of certain human animal chimeras. Under the proposed new rule, taxpayer funds could be used for experiments that introduced human stem cells to early-stage embryos of all animals except other primates. Some nonhuman primate research would also be allowed but using only embryos at later stages of development and only after an extra layer of review by a special NIH committee. The policy change is under review† (Kaplan, Sarah). The policies being created by NIH will impact stem cell research done b y scientists in the future. Excitement and enthusiasm over the newly developed chimera technique have caused NIH to want to have increased funding for such research, which will lead to further progress in the field of stem cell research. Stem cell research brings manyShow MoreRelatedStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do howeverRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1318 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as Stem Cell Research (SCR). Stem Cell Research is a relatively new field that has shown much promise to help deal with hundreds of different conditions and diseases. Though this astounding field holds the key to saving thousands of lives, there is a misguided ethical problem with Stem Cell Research raised by the church. 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In the religious aspect its man trying to play the authority of GOD on whether people should live, die or suffer from ailments and injuries. On a scientific and medical aspect it is compassionate people lookingRead MoreA Research On Stem Cell Research924 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific knowledge gained from stem cell research has proven very useful, yet the knowledge did not come without the destruction of human embryos. According to Healy, Bernadine P. â€Å"The Government Must Regulate Stem Cell Research†, †stem cells† come from human embryo or fetus that is at its first stage of development in which it is in its single cell form before it starts its development stage or complex stage (Bernadine). What this means is, stem cells, at its single cell stage doesn’t have any functionRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research1731 Words   |  7 PagesProhibit Stem Cell Research Many individuals believe that the beginning of stem cell research began in the early 2000s. However, the history of stem cell research can be traced back to the mid 1800s, when the make-up of human life, known as cells, were discovered (Solter 2006). Without this discovery, stem cell research would cease to exist. Prior to what has become known as stem cell research, scientists began studying embryonic stem cells using mouse embryos in 1981, which makes stem cell research