Description of Masculinities

Table of Contents Masculinities arguments Hegemonic Masculinity Social influences Conclusion References Masculinities imply different versions of describing manly composure and behaviour of both men and women. For three decades, several studies have been carried out in an attempt to come up with a clearer description of ‘masculinities,’ to no avail. Notably, perceptions of masculinity are evolving over time and among as well as within societies, resulting in an array of masculinities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Masculinities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas some researchers believe masculinities represent various patterns of behaviour inclined toward the roles that men play in the society, others concur that masculinities involve more than just men: that women can also show ‘masculinity’ if their actions and achievements are analogous to that of their male counterparts (Connell1998, pp2-6; Wong et al 2011, pp236-255). In an attempt to address masculinities, the initial recognition of the social construction of sexuality triggered more discussions on ‘values’ and the ‘normal’ roles of each gender(Connell1998, pp2-6). This was a significant step, nonetheless, in defining the impact of masculinity in the society. Today, the actual connotation of masculinity has evolved past the notion of ‘the role of men,’ though this notion also defines a ‘group’ of masculinity. An emphasis of compliance with masculine beliefs also goes beyond the manner in which breaking conventional rules may work positively toward building masculinity (Graef,Tokar, Kaut 2010, pp319-333).Gender issues are historically not constant, andthe involvedness of masculinities suggests disagreements that can impact change. Yet some view masculinities as representative of a variation between the feminine and masculine gender s, a dissimilarity that is today implying the variations in authority between males and females commonin the male chauvinistic cultures. Under such structures, the women are believed to be inferiorto men. There has been aremarkable doubt and conflictregarding inclusion of ‘masculinities’ in gender-basedactivities (Parent et al 2011, pp354-367). The arguments supporting or against masculinities have been based on fears that this could result in the suppression of the feminist ideology. Worries about the possible chocking of females of resources and the weakening of women empowerment programmes has been rising. Men are believed to be having the potential of manipulating women based on policies and ‘morals’ in favour of masculinities (Liang, Salcedo, Miller 2011, pp201-215). Masculinities arguments Studies of development of youthindicate multiple avenues of acquiring different characteristics in boys(Evers 2006, pp229-243). These findings conflict the common notion that an aggressive, forceful masculinity isconnected to biological components of the body(Connell1998, pp2-6).Steinfeldtet al (2011, pp247-259) suggests there is a local impact on acquiring information to inspire action on matters associated withmasculinity.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, there are connections among different masculinities. In view of these links, gender structures, relating to associations between men and women, also involve links among masculinity groups. These connections are arguably less significant within and across various groups involving the female gender. In most cases the masculinity links involvepecking order and social segregation, in which case, at least one group of masculinity isdominant in the society and other inferior caucuses form, resulting in their bearing of the brunt of disrespect or marginalisation (Kiselica, Englar -Carlson 2010, pp276-287). Hegemonic Masculinity Hegemonic masculinity is an expression used to refer to the sociallyfundamentalConstruction of manliness among several masculinities, in a social preference of the gender (Burriss,Welling, Puts 2011, pp1023-1027). Contests for hegemony or masculine preference among males often result in stress or even violent confrontations (Graef,Tokar, Kaut 2010, pp319-333).Collectivenessof masculinities can be achieved if groups within the social patterns are institutionalised in units such as military, rights movements or bureaucracies. On the other hand, informal groups such as friendship relations or families can also be used to define masculinities. These multiple ways in which manifests is a clear indication that masculinity is not just acknowledged at the personal level, but at the wider perspectives of the social fabric (Addis 2010, pp109-112; Wong et al 2010, pp170-181). Additionally, Evers (2006, pp232-237) believes masculinities are man ifest in mutual cultural ways such as myths andtraditions, media channels, social labels. The collective realism is wellmanifest in institutional ethnographies of learning centres and armed forcesorganisations. Collective reality forges a strong masculinity force, which complicates an evolution of gender roles among males through persuasion only. An individual male may see the light of treating both genders as able persons, but the organizational environment, or the influences of a peer groupmay alter the equation (O’Neil 2010, pp98-106; Pachankiset al 2011, pp142-152).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Masculinities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social influences Liang, Salcedo, and Miller (2011, pp201-215) indicate that masculinities are established by intertwined social factorsdeveloped over tens or hundreds of years. Nonetheless, the wider perspectives offered on masculinity emphasizes the contributions made by the older generations,especially the impact of a father’s counsel on his son or daughter. Women are also arguably active participants in process of defining masculinities (Burns, Mahalik 2010, pp347-353).Generally, a woman is a parent, kin, friend, spouse, and work in the different environments where masculinities exist. They use such avenues to benignly shape masculinities in the society, as it is believed the procedure of establishing masculinity is mostly silent and almost hard to notice. However, it can manifest in highly structured systems such as in gender-segregated learning settings, military academies,and games in which one specific gender dominates the other (Connell1998, pp2-6). The close analysis of the development of masculinities, through past experiences,theinternal multifaceted nature of gender issues arise. There are usually contradictory psychological trends in every individual’s life (Leaseet al 2010, pp195-207).Different g ender stances in dialogue, which an individual canconsider, have existed from time immemorial. Conflicting demands may impose on males different behaviours, for instance, tosustain their own standing and to acknowledge women’s privileges. Males mayhave significant abilities such as to care for infants, but become surrounded by social situations that hardly press them to show these competences (Addis 2010, pp109-112). Thesecomplicated situations mayresult in women assuming such roles willingly or unwillingly depending on individual understanding. Such cases sometimes raise tension, which may degenerate into violence, because a number of males have difficulty relating with women. Some men despise femininity out of fear of what it entails and may seek tosabotage it (Parent et al 2011, pp354-367). Conclusion Generally, there are several masculinities based on the prevailing social values, biological factors and parental influence. Formal and informal masculinities exist, though t he latter can be easily influenced by persuasion. Economic transformation, conflict, generational change, and broader evolution of society beliefs, may contribute to the development of different masculinities.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In line with masculinities issues, there has been strong belief about the linkage ofindividual disparities in normative perception on masculinity, consistency with masculine role beliefs, and conflict that the masculine gender grapple with in an effort tolook for psychological assistance (Wong et al 2010, pp170-181). These three facets of masculinity are encompassed in the emotional analysis of the male gender and thought to beresulting issues of masculinity socializationachievements. Though the three issues overlap, they are different concepts, invoked only during proper evaluation of masculinities. Masculinity beliefs and traditional values on masculine roles reflect distinct features of normative manliness. In a nutshell, masculinity ideology implies the defined thresholds of the conduct of males. References Addis, M.E. 2010. Response to commentaries on the problem of masculinity.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(2),pp109-112. Burns, S. M., Mahalik, J.R. 2010.Suicide and dom inant masculinity norms among current and former United States military servicemen.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(5), pp347-353. Burriss, R.P., Welling, L.L.M., Puts, D.A. 2011. Mate-preference drives mate – choice: Men’s self-rated masculinity predicts their female partner’s preference for masculinity.Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), pp1023-1027. Connell, R.W. 1998. â€Å"Introduction: Studying Australian Masculinities,† Journal of International Gender Studies, 3 (2), pp1†8. Evers, C. 2006. â€Å"How to Surf.† Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30 (3), pp229-243. Graef, S.T., Tokar, D.M., Kaut, K.P. 2010.Relations of masculinity ideology, conformity to masculine role norms, and masculine gender role conflict to men’s attitudes toward and willingness to seek career counseling.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(4), pp319-333. Kiselica, M.S., Englar-Carlson, M. 2010. Identifying, affirming, and buil ding upon male strengths: The positive psychology/positive masculinity model of psychotherapy with boys and men.  Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(3), pp276-287. Leaseet al. 2010. Masculinity and interpersonal competencies: Contrasting White and African American men.  Psychology of Men Masculinity,11(3), pp195-207. Liang, C.T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H. A. 2011. Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and gender role conflict among Latino men.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(3), pp201-215. O’Neil, J.M. 2010. Is criticism of generic masculinity, essentialism, and positive-healthy-masculinity a problem for the psychology of men?Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(2), pp98-106. Pachankiset al 2011. The influence of sexual orientation and masculinity on young men’s tobacco smoking.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), pp142-152. Parent et al. 2011. Evidence of construct distinctiveness for conformity to masculine nor ms.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(4), pp354-367. Steinfeldtet al. 2011. Masculinity socialization in sports: Influence of college football coaches.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(3), pp247-259. Wong et al. 2010.Content analysis of Psychology of men masculinity (2000–2008).Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(3), pp170-181. Wong et al. 2011. The Inventory of Subjective Masculinity Experiences: Development and Psychometric Properties.Journal of Men’s Studies, 19(3), pp236-255. 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Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study

The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Executive Summary Introduction and Background America's burgeoning elder population has affected every segment of the social, political, and economic landscape. Public debate of the issues surrounding the special needs of the approximately 44 million persons in this country age 60 years and over has heightened national awareness and concern. As a result, public policies relating to issues such as retirement security, affordable long-term care, and quality of life are changing to meet the unique needs of the aging population. Yet, as the public looks toward improving the lives of the elderly, abuse and neglect of elders living in their own homes have gone largely unidentified and unnoticed. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study has shed new light on this significant problem with the finding that approximately 450,000 elderly persons in domestic settings were abused and/or neglected during 1996. When elderly persons who experienced self-neglect are added, the number increases to approximately 551,000 in 1996. Additionall! y, through this study we have learned that: Â · Female elders are abused at a higher rate than males, after accounting for their larger proportion in the aging population. Â · Our oldest elders (80 years and over) are abused and neglected at two to three times their proportion of the elderly population. Â · In almost 90 percent of the elder abuse and neglect incidents with a known perpetrator, the perpetrator is a family member, and two-thirds of the perpetrators are adult children or spouses. Â · Victims of self-neglect are usually depressed, confused, or extremely frail. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study (NEAIS) was conducted by the National Center on Elder Abuse at the American Public Human Services Association (formally known as the American Public Welfare Association) and the Maryland-based social science and survey research firm, Westat. The Adminis... Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Executive Summary Introduction and Background America's burgeoning elder population has affected every segment of the social, political, and economic landscape. Public debate of the issues surrounding the special needs of the approximately 44 million persons in this country age 60 years and over has heightened national awareness and concern. As a result, public policies relating to issues such as retirement security, affordable long-term care, and quality of life are changing to meet the unique needs of the aging population. Yet, as the public looks toward improving the lives of the elderly, abuse and neglect of elders living in their own homes have gone largely unidentified and unnoticed. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study has shed new light on this significant problem with the finding that approximately 450,000 elderly persons in domestic settings were abused and/or neglected during 1996. When elderly persons who experienced self-neglect are added, the number increases to approximately 551,000 in 1996. Additionall! y, through this study we have learned that: Â · Female elders are abused at a higher rate than males, after accounting for their larger proportion in the aging population. Â · Our oldest elders (80 years and over) are abused and neglected at two to three times their proportion of the elderly population. Â · In almost 90 percent of the elder abuse and neglect incidents with a known perpetrator, the perpetrator is a family member, and two-thirds of the perpetrators are adult children or spouses. Â · Victims of self-neglect are usually depressed, confused, or extremely frail. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study (NEAIS) was conducted by the National Center on Elder Abuse at the American Public Human Services Association (formally known as the American Public Welfare Association) and the Maryland-based social science and survey research firm, Westat. The Adminis...

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Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology

Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology Richard Lecator The organization is like any other business that greatly benefit from an infusion of efficiency and cost savings into its operations. Having a much easier business environment from which to operate on is a significant advantage that will lead to improved output and better service to its clients. Embracing the latest technology will not only propel the business to the modern way of doing things, but also to benefits that follow that technology. The Need for the use of Analytics and Cloud Technology Analytics for the organization is not only part of its primary operations, but also how it can understand its target clientele. Be it in service to its clients or for market research purposes; data analytics are essential so as to provide valuable insights to the company. 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Recommended Solution Provider Amazon Web Services is the largest and most experienced provider of cloud services in the market today. As a pioneer in the field, it has amassed enormous experience and can, therefore, meet the needs of its clients most effectively. Among the many services provided by its cloud platform if analytics. These services can be offered to any company anywhere in the world as long as the client can have access to an internet connection. The organization would greatly benefit from the world class infrastructure and service offered by Amazon Web Services. References Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact. MIS quarterly, 36(4), 1165-1188. Haugen, D. M., Musser, S. (2013). Technology and the cloud. Rittinghouse, J. W. (2010). Cloud Computing: Implementation, Management, and Security. Hoboken: CRC Press.

Essay --

The play â€Å"An Enemy of the People† focuses on the truth and how different characters expose their outlook about it. Each of the characters are enthused by diverse things, so intern, they act in certain ways. Consequently, they end up in battles due to their differing opinions about the truth of the water. For example, Mayor Peter Stockmann acts in more aggressive way, because he’s motivated financially. Doctor Thomas Stockmann attempts to uncover the truth because of his worry of the public’s well-being and because he trusts that he’s doing the correct thing. Katherine supports Doctor Stockmann because she’s inspired by family and faithfulness towards her husband. Hovstad, a political radical, yet very corrupt as he enjoys stirring up drama as long as he isn’t directly involved. Everyone’s motivated by different things that are important to them, whether they are right or wrong they’re persistent in their beliefs. Mayor Stockmann had to disregard the reality because of money. Cash played a big role which moved Peter Stockmann to neglect the condition of the Baths therefore ending up in a battle with his brother Doctor Stockmann. Ever since the town added it, much income from the Baths, the Mayor didn’t want to uncover the truth to the public. Mayor Stockmann made the remark. â€Å"Of course it will be necessary to raise a municipal loan† (Ibsen 55), this proves that he’s being covetous and implying that at times, its most appropriate to hide the truth because individuals will get annoyed and attempt to repair the problem. Nonetheless, fixing the issue will take much finance and the Mayor’s awfully worried about money and reputation. He refused to put time and money in fixing the pipelines in the Baths so he chose to hide the truth and ... ...Stockmann, Doctor. Thomas Stockmann, Katherine and Hovstad all trust that what they’re doing is right and they feel that they must defend their ideas. Sadly to say, but Mayor Stockmann’s motivation is solely based upon money, Dr. Thomas Stockmann’s inspiration is morally the truth, Katherine is worried about the protection of the family, and Hovstad, just want to play both sides of the fences, because he is scared to be in the minority and afraid of the Mayor. These inspirations help each person to advance and form their character and disposition as the play continues. I feel that, it was very interesting to see how people will act in order to make themselves look good to the crowd. Even if it is the truth, and there is one person standing for truth and one hundred standing for a lie, people will sacrifice and be happy to be with the lie, because it is more people.

Wuthering Heights-the Structure and Style Transcend the Time

Wuthering Heights —— The Structure and Style Transcend the Time Emily Bronte describes the principal human conflict as one between the individual and the dark, questioning universe, a universe symbolized, in Wuthering Heights, both by man’s threatening and inner nature, and by nature in its more impersonal sense, the wild lonesome mystery of the moors. The structure and narrative style of Wuthering Heights transcend her time. Emily didn’t follow the regular and secular romantic writing techniques at that time, in contrast, she surpassed and created some new skills which modern readers are apt to understand and love. In this article, you will find the following six aspects of the writing style, including the approach of the story’s center step by step with spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, symbolism of the two generations, the love which makes the negative turn to be positive, the dark satanic hero, and the alternant emotion with contradiction throughout the whole story. Emily has written a novel which seeks to move ever closer to the center of a unique and remarkable human relationship, and the very structure of her book emphasizes this movement. In Chapter One, for example, readers are as far as possible from the heart of the story’s experience due to the innocent guesses of Lockwood (the narrator or diarist). However, later chapters move progressively closer to the heart of the story, and the beginning, with its subtle suggestions of an old tragedy and with Lockwood’s naive judgments of Heathcliff, will come to be prophetic. Therefore, the plot of Wuthering Heights is not sequential and linear, but described as a spiral circle compared with other coetaneous novels. That is to say, readers have been always following Lockwood to circle around the center of the story step by step, until the origin of the tragedy vividly comes in front of their eyes. In spite of the spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, which is another exquisite narrative technique, capture readers’ hearts. The last chapter tells of Heathcliff’s slow disintegration and death. The death itself is preceded by a fasting, reminiscent of the fasting which precipitated Catherine’s final illness. Because Heathcliff is described as robust and healthy shortly before his sudden decline, we suppose that it is his overwhelming desire or will to die and to return to his beloved Catherine, the thought of which â€Å"lights his face with a strange joy†(Wuthering Heights 137) for days, that really kills him, and not the mere abstinence from food. The structure of the book achieves an almost perfect symmetry in the death of Heathcliff. And the end of the novel as at the beginning, the master spirit is staring out into a storm, searching for Catherine. Emily Bronte features similar destiny about the two generations, but different endings of them. She describes this kind of symbolism by giving the names Catherine and Linton. Both Catherine (Catherine Earnshaw and Catherine Linton) marries Linton (Edgar Linton and Linton Heathcliff), who they don’t love most. The mother Catherine dies before the book is half over, but her spirit continues to rage in the turbulent air of Wuthering Heights, haunting Heathcliff, and also returns, healthily subdued, in her daughter Cathy. The daughter finally gains happiness which stretches over two generations. And we may say that these two Catherine can be considered as one person who is also the heroine throughout the whole story. The other is about Linton. Linton Heathcliff, who is â€Å"a nervous, sickly, effeminate child, weak-willed and petulant like his mother, and, like her, the pitiful victim and tool of his father† (Wuthering Heights 112)inherits disadvantages from both sides of his parents——the peevishness and self-pity of the mother and the bad temper of the father. It is ironic but the symbolism is clear. Hate is barren. Contrast to hatred, the love in this novel is also particular. Heathcliff and Catherine suffer from the separation for many years even after the heroine’s death. Only death can bring them together because of those insurmountable social and conceptual gaps even though Catherine’s nature is â€Å"a nature that is one with Heathcliff’s† (Wuthering Heights 58). Heathcliff's whole life is an embodiment of the force of evil. Contemplating his history is like peering at a beloved film of a picture: everything that should be dark is fading and everything that should be light is covered with darkness. Heathcliff and Catherine love each other by inflicting pain on one another instead of permitting pleasure. They did not live together when they were alive; they could love together after they died. They sustained themselves not by eating but by refusing to eat. It is Emily Bronte’s triumph as novelist that as her book proceeds, the negative becomes positive. Even in the end, through the rumors, â€Å"Catherine and Heathcliff walk the moors at night and even appear within the house at Wuthering Heights. (Wuthering Heights 140) They finally get together after they died and the negative death turns to a positive and extricable ending. And about the typical hero of the novel, Heathcliff is one of the most attractive characters in the history. To answer the question why he is so popular, it should be attributed to the black description of this â€Å"dark Satanic† hero. â€Å"Heathcliff, of course, is frequently compared to a demon by the other characters in the book. † (Sparknotes: Literature Study Guides: Wuthering Heights: Analysis of Major Characters) At first glance he may seem entirely wicked, even a criminal. The vicious way in which he destroys Hindley and brutalizes Isabella suggests that he is a man for whom sympathy ought to be impossible. Yet Emily Bronte manages her dark hero a sympathetic figure. When he has gone so far as to drive Lockwood out into the storm alone, there comes one of the overwhelmingly lyric moments in the novel as Heathcliff leans far out of the window and implores the spirit of Catherine to come in. The depth of feeling, the compassion of which Heathcliff is plainly capable in this scene, forces us to reconsider our judgment of the man. Without question he is brutal, but just as plainly he has within him the potential for great tenderness and love. Obviously, this potential has been destroyed somewhere along the line, and those readers, their interest aroused in how this could have happened, read on. Besides the hero, Heathcliff, who we love to hate, the fluctuation of alternant emotion is also a point of contradiction throughout the novel — — violent but dreamlike, brutal but romantic, fanatical but gloomy, all of these consist of a piece of deserted wilderness with mysterious beauty. Readers easily feel lost into the anxiety and disturbance that Emily delivered to them, as well as the desire to explore the ins and outs of the whole story under an intangible force. And the last paragraph that Lockwood said to himself in the end of the novel gives readers a peaceful and harmonious aftertaste despite of all the thrilling revenge and love. â€Å"Under that benign sky; watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells; listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass; and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth. The metaphor here is about the hard â€Å"heath†, which is a part of Heathcliff, comparing with soft wind, in order to leave hope for readers. The six aspects above can be divided into two parts: the structure and the characters which of both have been created surpassing the time of Emily Bronte. On one hand, the spiral circle and the correlation between the end and the beginning, is th e key to the structure of the novel. The book begins in 1801, on the very rim of the tale, long after the principal incidents of the story have taken place. Readers are far from the heart of the novel in the first pages, however, blundering along with the guide Lockwood later. Gradually we spiral in toward the center. But neither Lockwood nor Dean is unperceptive and we must struggle hard before we can actually achieve the true center of the novel, the passionate last meeting of Heathcliff and Cathy in which, for a moment, we are permitted to stare into the heart of the fiery furnace. On the other hand, about the most powerful character in the novel, the darkness and violence that was in Heathcliff from the beginning, is in every man. And because this darkness is so primal and so universal, it can never be overcome. It persists, implacable and unchangeable, a comment not just on one man’s special sorrow but on every man’s dark heritage. That is why a dark Satan is more attractive than a pure Angel in readers’ hearts. And Heathcliff is a powerful figure not only because he is rooted in the traditions of his own time, from which he draws strength, but also because he makes a universal statement about man’s nature, which continues to strike readers today as remarkably fresh and modern. Therefore, no matter the structure or the character that attracts lots of readers in history, the remarkable sense of the privacy of human experience, is clearly the central vision of Wuthering Heights and it is always being transcending the time. Works Cited Bronte, Emily, Wuthering Heights, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005 Gui Tuoqing, Selected Readings in English and American Literature, Beijing: China Foreign language Translation Press, 1985 Wuthering Heights, http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/wuthering/canalysis. html , , : ,1994 , , : ,2000

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