A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 953 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Effecting over 15 million people worldwide. Of those 15 million cases 5 million will die and a further 5 million will be left disabled. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke" essay for you Create order Currently there is little to no treatment for stroke, this leaves patients with a large deficit of treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need for new and effective treatment option. Stem cell therapy (SCT) is a well-established treatment method that has proved its self in other hematological diseases. This fact coupled with some promising results shown from animal models that show significant functional benefits have led research to the bedside. This review provides a brief history and scientific background to the stem cell therapy of ischemic stroke (IS). This will then be followed up with evidence of current clinical trials including a discussion of the various route of delivery, cell type, timing of treatment and number of cells used. Finally, the review will end with a discussion of what will become of stem cell therapy in the distant future. INTRODUCTION Stroke is a major cause of serious disability and the second largest cause of death in the world. Stroke is also very expensive taking up to 2-4% of all healthcare costs. Even if the age specific strokes stay constant or decrees slightly the number of new cases of stroke will rise each year with the advent of the ageing era. Stroke has been categorized as 1) ischemic (obstruction); 2) hemorrhagic (bleeding); 3) transient (transient ischemic attack) by the American Heart assertion, with ischemic stroke accounting for 85% of all stroke cases [3] it will be focus of this review. An ischemic stroke results from artery occlusion in the brain, which if left untreated will lead to cell death in the affected part of the brain. Current treatment of (IS) Is to use tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) a medication that can help remove the clot in the brain. Unfortunately, this medication is only useful if administered within 3-4.5 hours after the stroke [5]. Aspirin can also be used as a deter rent to stroke but only provides a 1% absolute reduction in death and recurrent (IS) [1]. Most patients over time show some spontaneous recovery after stroke. This recovery can be attributed to cell regeneration in the brain, this regeneration until recently was thought to be impossible. This process of cell recovery has been named neurogenesis [2,3]. However, this recovery is often incomplete. Creating a need for further cell recovery in the brain. This with the evidence of neurogenesis have sparked the creation of experimental work investigation cell transplantation therapy in (IS). Background and developments in Stem Cell therapy for Ischemic stroke The clinic approaches of (SCT) can be divided into endogenous and exogenous approaches. The endogenous approach aims to stimulate the stem cells already present within the induvial. This uses a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) which is used to mobilize stem cells for transplantation in hematological damaged areas [5,6]. This has shown promising results in animal studies showing direct benefits in cognitive regeneration. Several phase II trials are currently underway to investigate its efficacy in (IS). The exogenous approach involves the transplantation of stem cells directly into the damage area. This involve in vitro culture of cells and cell expansion prior to admission. This review will focus on the studies using exogenous approaches to (SCT) in (IS), as it is seeing a lot more focus from the stem cell community. Following a stroke, both neural and supportive brain tissue elements are lost, unlike other neurogenerative disease that target a specific neuronal type. SCT for IS, therefore focuses on regenerative strategies to restore both neurol elements but supportive elements as well such as blood vessels. Many stem cells have been tested and evaluated in humans for their potentials in this use. Neural stem cells (NSC) It now generally accepted that neurogenesis originated from neural stem cells (NSC) that are located in specific regions of the adult mammalian brain. Throughout life creating new populations of neurons [17]. NSC can be isolated for fetal and adult mammalian brains. Multiply studies have shown isolation of NCS from adult rodent brains [18,19], and also a newer study has moved on to isolation in the human brain [20,21]. Preclinical studies explore the feasibility of using NSCs to treat IS. When giving NSC through intravenous or stereotactically route the NSC have been shown to survive, migrate towards the lesion and differentiate, while promoting tissue repair, consequently improved neurological function and recovery in ischemic rodent [15,16]. Studies have shown that delayed intravenous transplantation of NSC at 3 days after ischemic stroke exhibited delayed neuroprotection by suppressing inflammation and focal glial scar formation, suggesting that NSCs had the potential to extend t he therapeutic time window for ischemic stroke treatment [21]. There is currently a phase trial planned using commercial derived NSC named CTX to be delivered by stereotactic injection in patients with IS. While NSC show promise the practicability of routine brain biopsies for isolation of adult human NSC is not, leading many researchers to exploring other methods of SCT with cells that are more accessible. Bone marrow derived stem cells Bone marrow derived stem cells consist of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). HSCs are the precursors of all the blood and lymphoid cell lineages. MSCs give rise the stromal cells of the bone marrow. The stromal cells consist of chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts. Bone marrow is an attractive choice for isolating stem cells for being easily accessible, autologous (coming from the same individual) meaning there would be no need for immunosuppressant medication. Bone marrow cells have been shown to migrate to the brain a dissociate into cells the express neuron-specific markers [37]. Both populations of bone marrow cells have been studied extensively on their potential for neuronal differentiation and possible use in neuroregenerative therapy.

Essay Morality And Power - 930 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thucydides’ written history of the Mytilenian Debate and the Melian Dialogue reflects the reality of a period where morality is dependent on the exercise of power and those who possess it. The main theme running through the course of these two debates is that those with the power to act as they wish inherently have the power to dictate morality. The arguments that decide the fate of the Mytilene are made not strictly on the basis of morality but on how their power allows them to exercise the moral course they choose. The Melian dialogue reveals how those in power can dictate morality in terms of self-interest. Both cases also demonstrate how morality is also a function of self-interest. The question of the†¦show more content†¦The two options on the table are to either slaughter all the inhabitants, as had been previously agreed upon, or to leave them without severe punishment. Cleon, the Athenian responsible of initially deciding to slaughter Mytilene, argued that it was necessary to take his brutal course of action for the safety of the empire. He stated succinctly that â€Å"leadership depends on superior strength and not on goodwill.† (Thucydides, p.213) He believed that killing the Mytilenians was a question of safety for the empire; If you are going to give the same punishment to those who are forced to revolt by your enemies and those who do so of their own accord, can you not see that they will all revolt upon the slightest pretext, when success means freedom and failure brings no very dreadful consequences. (Thucydides, p.216) In this statement, Cleon argues that Athens has a moral duty to put down this revolt in the harshest way. He makes it a moral argument because it is in the self-interest of Athens, and any state, to protect its citizens. It is their moral duty. 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As with any poem, the title can sometimes be a reference to other works of fiction, the BibleRead More An Analysis of Joseph Nye’s Use of â€Å"Soft Power† and its Relationship with Morality in International Relations3033 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of Joseph Nye’s Use of â€Å"Soft Power† and its Relationship with Morality in International Relations Recently, the United States has lost a great deal of power in the international arena because of its invasion of Iraq and torture of prisoners of war. The United States holds an incredible edge in military capabilities over any other nation and the US benefits from the largest economy in the world. In a world where there is one single superpower, why is that superpower unable toRead More Thrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Thrasymachus perspective of human nature is that we all seek to maximize power, profit and possessions. 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With this idea, Confucius believed that this would create equal balance between the importance of families and the importan ce of state and nationRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Friedrich Nietzsches Beyond Good And Evil1528 Words   |  7 PagesIn a selection from â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil†, Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher and philologist critiques the secular and religious moralities as having similar origins. In the beginning of â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil†, Nietzsche says that if the world was â€Å"to refrain mutually from injury, from violence, from exploitation, and put ones will on a par with that of others†, it would result in somewhat of a sense in good conduct between people, if the conditions necessary to do so are given. NietzscheRead More Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsches Philosophy on Good and Evil1123 Words   |  5 Pages(master) fighting for the will to power, while the weak (slave) tries to pull the master down to their level using clandestine forms of revenge. 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Difference between Branding and Advertising Free Essays

Branding is a marketing strategy in which a name, slogan or logo is assigned to a product or a service for the market to recognize and be familiar with them. A good brand name should be; legally protectable, easy to pronounce, easy to remember, easy to recognize, attract attention and make a clear distinction amongst competitors. This process of assigning name aims at increasing the product or service perceived value to the potential customer currently and in future. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference between Branding and Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now Companies may create brand variations from the same product so as to produce a product that will fit the desired market and gain the retail shelf space. The rationalization of brands can be done time to time so as to increase production and marketing efficiencies. Advertising is also a marketing tool in which producers of goods and services uses media to communicate and educate the public on the information concerning their product or a service to reach a targeted population. This service is provided freely or charged at fee by organizations that legalized to offer the service. In each country there are rules and regulations that stipulate ways in which advertising is to be done. This includes the timing, placement and the content to be included in the advert. Various forms of media are used to deliver the messages include; print, audio, digital or video depending on the type of audience expect to get the information. Although advertising is necessary for economic growth its increase in public areas has negative effects on the society. Branding and advertising are both strategies that are used by marketing agencies of a product so as to compete effectively with other companies producing similar products. After a product or a service is made, a brand name is designed to it and then an advertising media is selected so as to inform the public of the product and where it can easily be found. Thus branding was as a result of increased varieties of products serving the same purpose and companies had to develop uniqueness in their products by giving the names that differentiate them from others. Advertising then is employed to reach the target population by use of billboards, television commercials, radio, newspapers, internet or any other place where audience can easily see or hear. For a product or a service to be marketed globally, there are important factors to be incorporated when branding and advertising. First developing brand name which will be familiar with all potential customers depending on their localities so that they can easily associate the product with the name, making best of use advert and increasing the rate of installing advert locally and in other countries will ensure unification and healthier competition amongst brands from different countries. Communication between countries can be improved through advertising when information concerning a product is done in foreign countries. Cultural and natural heritage exchange between nations can be realize through branding and advertising cultural activities which are practiced in one country but not practiced in another country like visiting museums and parks. All these activities in the long run create a close business relationship amongst the countries over the globe where products and services available in one country are offered in other countries advertising media and business transaction can be exchanged. Thus branding and advertising can be used as agents of globalization in social, cultural, political technological, economical and ecological aspects from one county to another. How to cite Difference between Branding and Advertising, Papers

Middle Age and Renaissance Art Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Middle Age and Renaissance Art Persuasive Essay Byzantium Art had characteristics of religious art, somber ones, flat, one dimensional, no shadows, narrow, and solemn faces. Medieval Gothic Art broke away from Byzantium Art and Romanesque styles. Changes included: Brighter colors, sculptures, metal work out of bronze, stained glass, use of shadows and light, use of symmetry, and depiction of animals and mythological scenes (middle-ages. Com, 2013). Ghetto did Bonnets The Last Supper was a painting from this period. Renaissance Art began in Italy around the late 13th and early 14th century and continued through the 17th century. Art from this period was mostly of religious nature. It was described as a period of rebirth. This was a time of greater prosperity and new technologies. There were three major phases of Renaissance Art, Early, High, and Late. In these phases inspiration came from antiquity, creating realistic figures that had portrayed personality and behavior (history. Com, 2013). Focus was on the laws of proportion for architecture, human body, and space. Experimentation with oil based paints allowed the artist to change his art as he wished for months as it didnt dry fast. Leonardo dad Vines The Last Supper was a famous painting from this penned. MIDDLE AGE AND RENAISSANCE ART 2 The Last Supper by Ghetto did Bonded and Leonardo dad Vinci both were based on the New Testament. In the Last Supper by Ghetto did Bonded, he did not attempt to imitate reality; there is no depth, and no light source. The goal was to teach the Christian faith. The Last Supper by Leonardo dad Vinci was the first to depict reality, with each person displaying an emotion. This is what made his work remarkable (history. Com, 2013). Both Middle Age art and Renaissance art had religion as common ground. The Middle Ages was a separation of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. It reflected the difference between the development of the Catholic religion in the west and Byzantium Empire. Renaissance art was mostly religious stemming from the end of the Middle Ages. Renaissance art was more visually accurate and secular. It had more realistic backgrounds that indicated realism, creativity and appreciation of physical nature. The purpose was decoration and self-expression, not like the middle ages. By Renaissance art introducing realism, it allowed the common person to enjoy tales, and this tradition continues in todays society.

Description of Masculinities

Table of Contents Masculinities arguments Hegemonic Masculinity Social influences Conclusion References Masculinities imply different versions of describing manly composure and behaviour of both men and women. For three decades, several studies have been carried out in an attempt to come up with a clearer description of ‘masculinities,’ to no avail. Notably, perceptions of masculinity are evolving over time and among as well as within societies, resulting in an array of masculinities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Masculinities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whereas some researchers believe masculinities represent various patterns of behaviour inclined toward the roles that men play in the society, others concur that masculinities involve more than just men: that women can also show ‘masculinity’ if their actions and achievements are analogous to that of their male counterparts (Connell1998, pp2-6; Wong et al 2011, pp236-255). In an attempt to address masculinities, the initial recognition of the social construction of sexuality triggered more discussions on ‘values’ and the ‘normal’ roles of each gender(Connell1998, pp2-6). This was a significant step, nonetheless, in defining the impact of masculinity in the society. Today, the actual connotation of masculinity has evolved past the notion of ‘the role of men,’ though this notion also defines a ‘group’ of masculinity. An emphasis of compliance with masculine beliefs also goes beyond the manner in which breaking conventional rules may work positively toward building masculinity (Graef,Tokar, Kaut 2010, pp319-333).Gender issues are historically not constant, andthe involvedness of masculinities suggests disagreements that can impact change. Yet some view masculinities as representative of a variation between the feminine and masculine gender s, a dissimilarity that is today implying the variations in authority between males and females commonin the male chauvinistic cultures. Under such structures, the women are believed to be inferiorto men. There has been aremarkable doubt and conflictregarding inclusion of ‘masculinities’ in gender-basedactivities (Parent et al 2011, pp354-367). The arguments supporting or against masculinities have been based on fears that this could result in the suppression of the feminist ideology. Worries about the possible chocking of females of resources and the weakening of women empowerment programmes has been rising. Men are believed to be having the potential of manipulating women based on policies and ‘morals’ in favour of masculinities (Liang, Salcedo, Miller 2011, pp201-215). Masculinities arguments Studies of development of youthindicate multiple avenues of acquiring different characteristics in boys(Evers 2006, pp229-243). These findings conflict the common notion that an aggressive, forceful masculinity isconnected to biological components of the body(Connell1998, pp2-6).Steinfeldtet al (2011, pp247-259) suggests there is a local impact on acquiring information to inspire action on matters associated withmasculinity.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, there are connections among different masculinities. In view of these links, gender structures, relating to associations between men and women, also involve links among masculinity groups. These connections are arguably less significant within and across various groups involving the female gender. In most cases the masculinity links involvepecking order and social segregation, in which case, at least one group of masculinity isdominant in the society and other inferior caucuses form, resulting in their bearing of the brunt of disrespect or marginalisation (Kiselica, Englar -Carlson 2010, pp276-287). Hegemonic Masculinity Hegemonic masculinity is an expression used to refer to the sociallyfundamentalConstruction of manliness among several masculinities, in a social preference of the gender (Burriss,Welling, Puts 2011, pp1023-1027). Contests for hegemony or masculine preference among males often result in stress or even violent confrontations (Graef,Tokar, Kaut 2010, pp319-333).Collectivenessof masculinities can be achieved if groups within the social patterns are institutionalised in units such as military, rights movements or bureaucracies. On the other hand, informal groups such as friendship relations or families can also be used to define masculinities. These multiple ways in which manifests is a clear indication that masculinity is not just acknowledged at the personal level, but at the wider perspectives of the social fabric (Addis 2010, pp109-112; Wong et al 2010, pp170-181). Additionally, Evers (2006, pp232-237) believes masculinities are man ifest in mutual cultural ways such as myths andtraditions, media channels, social labels. The collective realism is wellmanifest in institutional ethnographies of learning centres and armed forcesorganisations. Collective reality forges a strong masculinity force, which complicates an evolution of gender roles among males through persuasion only. An individual male may see the light of treating both genders as able persons, but the organizational environment, or the influences of a peer groupmay alter the equation (O’Neil 2010, pp98-106; Pachankiset al 2011, pp142-152).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Masculinities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social influences Liang, Salcedo, and Miller (2011, pp201-215) indicate that masculinities are established by intertwined social factorsdeveloped over tens or hundreds of years. Nonetheless, the wider perspectives offered on masculinity emphasizes the contributions made by the older generations,especially the impact of a father’s counsel on his son or daughter. Women are also arguably active participants in process of defining masculinities (Burns, Mahalik 2010, pp347-353).Generally, a woman is a parent, kin, friend, spouse, and work in the different environments where masculinities exist. They use such avenues to benignly shape masculinities in the society, as it is believed the procedure of establishing masculinity is mostly silent and almost hard to notice. However, it can manifest in highly structured systems such as in gender-segregated learning settings, military academies,and games in which one specific gender dominates the other (Connell1998, pp2-6). The close analysis of the development of masculinities, through past experiences,theinternal multifaceted nature of gender issues arise. There are usually contradictory psychological trends in every individual’s life (Leaseet al 2010, pp195-207).Different g ender stances in dialogue, which an individual canconsider, have existed from time immemorial. Conflicting demands may impose on males different behaviours, for instance, tosustain their own standing and to acknowledge women’s privileges. Males mayhave significant abilities such as to care for infants, but become surrounded by social situations that hardly press them to show these competences (Addis 2010, pp109-112). Thesecomplicated situations mayresult in women assuming such roles willingly or unwillingly depending on individual understanding. Such cases sometimes raise tension, which may degenerate into violence, because a number of males have difficulty relating with women. Some men despise femininity out of fear of what it entails and may seek tosabotage it (Parent et al 2011, pp354-367). Conclusion Generally, there are several masculinities based on the prevailing social values, biological factors and parental influence. Formal and informal masculinities exist, though t he latter can be easily influenced by persuasion. Economic transformation, conflict, generational change, and broader evolution of society beliefs, may contribute to the development of different masculinities.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In line with masculinities issues, there has been strong belief about the linkage ofindividual disparities in normative perception on masculinity, consistency with masculine role beliefs, and conflict that the masculine gender grapple with in an effort tolook for psychological assistance (Wong et al 2010, pp170-181). These three facets of masculinity are encompassed in the emotional analysis of the male gender and thought to beresulting issues of masculinity socializationachievements. Though the three issues overlap, they are different concepts, invoked only during proper evaluation of masculinities. Masculinity beliefs and traditional values on masculine roles reflect distinct features of normative manliness. In a nutshell, masculinity ideology implies the defined thresholds of the conduct of males. References Addis, M.E. 2010. Response to commentaries on the problem of masculinity.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(2),pp109-112. Burns, S. M., Mahalik, J.R. 2010.Suicide and dom inant masculinity norms among current and former United States military servicemen.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(5), pp347-353. Burriss, R.P., Welling, L.L.M., Puts, D.A. 2011. Mate-preference drives mate – choice: Men’s self-rated masculinity predicts their female partner’s preference for masculinity.Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), pp1023-1027. Connell, R.W. 1998. â€Å"Introduction: Studying Australian Masculinities,† Journal of International Gender Studies, 3 (2), pp1†8. Evers, C. 2006. â€Å"How to Surf.† Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30 (3), pp229-243. Graef, S.T., Tokar, D.M., Kaut, K.P. 2010.Relations of masculinity ideology, conformity to masculine role norms, and masculine gender role conflict to men’s attitudes toward and willingness to seek career counseling.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(4), pp319-333. Kiselica, M.S., Englar-Carlson, M. 2010. Identifying, affirming, and buil ding upon male strengths: The positive psychology/positive masculinity model of psychotherapy with boys and men.  Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(3), pp276-287. Leaseet al. 2010. Masculinity and interpersonal competencies: Contrasting White and African American men.  Psychology of Men Masculinity,11(3), pp195-207. Liang, C.T.H., Salcedo, J., Miller, H. A. 2011. Perceived racism, masculinity ideologies, and gender role conflict among Latino men.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(3), pp201-215. O’Neil, J.M. 2010. Is criticism of generic masculinity, essentialism, and positive-healthy-masculinity a problem for the psychology of men?Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(2), pp98-106. Pachankiset al 2011. The influence of sexual orientation and masculinity on young men’s tobacco smoking.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), pp142-152. Parent et al. 2011. Evidence of construct distinctiveness for conformity to masculine nor ms.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(4), pp354-367. Steinfeldtet al. 2011. Masculinity socialization in sports: Influence of college football coaches.Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 12(3), pp247-259. Wong et al. 2010.Content analysis of Psychology of men masculinity (2000–2008).Psychology of Men   Masculinity, 11(3), pp170-181. Wong et al. 2011. The Inventory of Subjective Masculinity Experiences: Development and Psychometric Properties.Journal of Men’s Studies, 19(3), pp236-255. This essay on Description of Masculinities was written and submitted by user Phoenix O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study

The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Executive Summary Introduction and Background America's burgeoning elder population has affected every segment of the social, political, and economic landscape. Public debate of the issues surrounding the special needs of the approximately 44 million persons in this country age 60 years and over has heightened national awareness and concern. As a result, public policies relating to issues such as retirement security, affordable long-term care, and quality of life are changing to meet the unique needs of the aging population. Yet, as the public looks toward improving the lives of the elderly, abuse and neglect of elders living in their own homes have gone largely unidentified and unnoticed. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study has shed new light on this significant problem with the finding that approximately 450,000 elderly persons in domestic settings were abused and/or neglected during 1996. When elderly persons who experienced self-neglect are added, the number increases to approximately 551,000 in 1996. Additionall! y, through this study we have learned that: Â · Female elders are abused at a higher rate than males, after accounting for their larger proportion in the aging population. Â · Our oldest elders (80 years and over) are abused and neglected at two to three times their proportion of the elderly population. Â · In almost 90 percent of the elder abuse and neglect incidents with a known perpetrator, the perpetrator is a family member, and two-thirds of the perpetrators are adult children or spouses. Â · Victims of self-neglect are usually depressed, confused, or extremely frail. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study (NEAIS) was conducted by the National Center on Elder Abuse at the American Public Human Services Association (formally known as the American Public Welfare Association) and the Maryland-based social science and survey research firm, Westat. The Adminis... Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Free Essays on The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study Executive Summary Introduction and Background America's burgeoning elder population has affected every segment of the social, political, and economic landscape. Public debate of the issues surrounding the special needs of the approximately 44 million persons in this country age 60 years and over has heightened national awareness and concern. As a result, public policies relating to issues such as retirement security, affordable long-term care, and quality of life are changing to meet the unique needs of the aging population. Yet, as the public looks toward improving the lives of the elderly, abuse and neglect of elders living in their own homes have gone largely unidentified and unnoticed. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study has shed new light on this significant problem with the finding that approximately 450,000 elderly persons in domestic settings were abused and/or neglected during 1996. When elderly persons who experienced self-neglect are added, the number increases to approximately 551,000 in 1996. Additionall! y, through this study we have learned that: Â · Female elders are abused at a higher rate than males, after accounting for their larger proportion in the aging population. Â · Our oldest elders (80 years and over) are abused and neglected at two to three times their proportion of the elderly population. Â · In almost 90 percent of the elder abuse and neglect incidents with a known perpetrator, the perpetrator is a family member, and two-thirds of the perpetrators are adult children or spouses. Â · Victims of self-neglect are usually depressed, confused, or extremely frail. The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study (NEAIS) was conducted by the National Center on Elder Abuse at the American Public Human Services Association (formally known as the American Public Welfare Association) and the Maryland-based social science and survey research firm, Westat. The Adminis...

An essay of the novel Stalin's Barber Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An of the novel Stalin's Barber - Essay Example Although Stalin was a man in possession of enormous political power, deep inside he was very insecure. Some consider him to be suffering from paranoia and delusion. Having made many enemies during his rapid ascent to the highest office, Stalin was ever fearful of retaliation from his enemies. He constantly feared the threat of assassination and did his best to minimize the chances. Toward this end, Stalin deployed body doubles of his during public events. In case an assassination attempt is made, he would thus survive. The plaster of Paris busts in the basement must have been models or dummies serving as his decoy. By all accounts, Stalin’s reign as the premier of the USSR was a terrifying one for the population. He is surely one of the most feared dictators of the 20th century, second only to Adolf Hitler (who was, ironically, defeated by Stalin). The summary executions, curtailment of several fundamental human rights (including freedom of speech) and intolerance toward dissenters were abominable features of the Stalin years. Stalin was thus a monster in terms of his practice. But when it came to rhetoric he was a seasoned politician. He paid lip service to the superiority of State over the individual, imploring his fellow countrymen to put the interests of their country above their own interests. This is a ploy to mellow down the citizeny and condition them to not raise any critical questions. When the sustenance of the State is put above concerns for individual human rights, social unrest is nipped in the bud. It is thus an effective strategy to control the population by invoking all egiance to a vague notion of patriotism. In the politically surcharged years of the Russian revolution, it was understandable why several conspiracies were hatched. There was mistrust, opportunism and exploitation even among stakeholders of the revolution, let alone the

Case study analysis (report) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case study analysis (report) - Essay Example However, the case is surrounded with so many challenges because today’s retailing world is vastly covered by competition. The future will be reshaped by the emerging trends where it illustrates on what the business is experiencing today will surely be changed when tomorrow comes. This is the reason why critical knowledge about fast changing trends must be integrated into the retail strategy to drive opportunities. The business must plan ahead of time before it will lose its competitive advantage. The main thrust of this paper is to analyze the different positions of Simon and Smith in their store’s direction as well as the alternatives that would help in looking for potential changes and opportunities. Simon and Smith had different views in terms of directing their store in order to stay ahead of the competition. Simon seemed to be satisfied with the current performance of the business. Furthermore, he said that as long as they will be using the same retailing strategy for the coming years, the business will remain to be at the top of the competition. He was not in favor on the idea of attracting young customers for the reason that both of them did not have enough knowledge on the nature of the new segment and it might drive away their loyal customers. On the other hand, Smith was less satisfied compared to Simon because he was worried on the foreseen intense competition. He wanted to change the retailing concept and the growth strategy of the business to be more prepared when competition arrived. He presented potential changes in the customer base of the business and discussed important opportunities to develop sustainable competitive advantage. The opportunity was on how to attr act younger customers as the new target audience. Instead of putting all efforts on customers whose profile ranges from 35 to 50, the business will now shift to a larger audience which is the young generation. â€Å"The retail sector is one of the most competitive in the business

International business discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International business discussion - Essay Example Gambling generates many revenues for the hotel. The hotel has a brand of jet called CotaiJet. The brand transport many customers to the hotel. Furthermore, the hotel focuses more on entertainment content. The management is aware that entertainment lures many Chinese people. It is their basis for success. The hotel has created more hotel rooms and theatres. The management has increased the size of the arena that hosts entertainment performers. It has created the worlds largest casino, where gambling is the main activity. The management does not want to advertise casinos in China. They want to develop an emotional connection between the customers and the hotel. It will leave an effect on them, and they would forever return to the hotel. The hotel boosts of its entertainment content. The hotel hosts filming award shows, traditional boxing and often bets on Chinas hit television. The management wants to satisfy every market segment. The hotel has emphasised on retail strategy. The strategy has seen the hotel increase the size of the retail segment. The hotel has opened additional phases of the hotel. It would help in attracting more customers (Tracy,

Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology

Analytics, Interfaces, and Cloud Technology Richard Lecator The organization is like any other business that greatly benefit from an infusion of efficiency and cost savings into its operations. Having a much easier business environment from which to operate on is a significant advantage that will lead to improved output and better service to its clients. Embracing the latest technology will not only propel the business to the modern way of doing things, but also to benefits that follow that technology. The Need for the use of Analytics and Cloud Technology Analytics for the organization is not only part of its primary operations, but also how it can understand its target clientele. Be it in service to its clients or for market research purposes; data analytics are essential so as to provide valuable insights to the company. The benefits become that they can provide services that are more in tune with the needs of its customers and also able to help the company in planning for its future operations. The organizations primarily deals in collecting and analyzing data. They find ways they can derive value from data and present it to its customers in a manner that will benefit that client. It is important that the company conclusively comprehend how analytics work and the best practices in the field. Predictive analytics is used when there is a need to understand future developments. Whether it is shifting market fundamentals, customer behavior and preferences, or the overall market environment, analytics provide these views with fair accuracy. By using current events ongoing within the subject area, combined with historical data, trends and expected changes, these analytic operations are in a better position to gain a glimpse into how the future will unfold. (Chen, Chiang, Storey, 2012). The organization a dealer in data operations will use the tools provided by data analytics to grow its business. Given that a part of its activities involves independently collecting data, analyzing it, and then selling to clients, it is important that they get to understand beforehand what data would interest their customers. Utilizing analytics of the web and other data, they can know the kind of information that customers are most likely to prefer. This way, their services will be embraced by the clients than if the company presented data and hoped it would just sell. Apart from anticipating and meeting the needs of its clients much more efficiently, data analytics can also help in identifying trends that are yet to catch on. These are trends that are yet to be discovered but show a potential for being mass-adopted once they do. Chancing upon such information can help the organization to become a pioneer in the particular area and assist in shepherding the trend into fruition. The predictive nature of data analytics then secures the company a possible lucrative avenue for future revenue. A competitive advantage is gained by being the first in embracing a particular trend. An instance of analytics being useful to a company can be an e-commerce site deciding on what to stock. The company would be called upon to collect the data and analyze it on behalf of the e-commerce company. Such a company needs to sell as much stock as possible. To do this will require an understanding of what products are most popular with its customers. By collecting data such as web visits, page clicks, duration of visit, searched items and such can only gain value when analyzed. Aggregating all this data will provide deep insights into what customers want, what they dont want and so forth. This will help the e-commerce company in giving more prominence to certain popular products, doing away with slow moving ones and even finding ways of linking products together. Analytics should put everything into perspective and lead to the making of much better decisions able to benefit the company. The organizations can also provide insights into other kinds of businesses like marketing, transportation, education, agriculture and much more. Providing the owners of these firms with expertly analyzed data will lead to faster and more informed decision making. For industries where decision making needs to be fast so as to be viable, the provision of analytics will certainly go a long way in helping (Chen, Chiang, Storey, 2012). Companies using cloud technology are provided with computing power and other resources delivered via the Internet. There is no need for investing in hardware or software components to support their operations when they can be provided via the cloud. Whether it is storage, database management, access management and applications, all can be accessed by the company employees through a browser. One of the biggest benefits of using cloud technology is the initial, and subsequent saving realized. By choosing to use the cloud, a company does not need to invest in hardware like servers or CPUs and the lot. Whether it is storage or computing power, this can be provided over the internet. The company doesnt to buy them or even maintain them. Also, the company will also be saved from buying software applications for use in its various operations. The costs of upgrading the software will be borne by the cloud service provider. The organization will, in turn, enjoy the use of up to date applications. Cloud services are usually provided on a usage basis. This means that the cloud client only has to pay for what they use. The importance of this is that companies are spared from exorbitant costs arising from capacity that is lying idle.ÂÂ   As a data-intensive company it will greatly benefit from using cloud technology in its operations. With terabytes of data already owned by the company and more being added every day, cloud technology can help the management of this data much easier. A data warehouse hosted on a cloud platform provide the capabilities of both the cloud and the data warehouse. For a company with a growing trove of data, time will come when it requires having a bigger space for the data. In a non-cloud situation, the company would have to purchase new servers to provide space. Cloud platforms are scalable, meaning that as the need for more resources arises, and then the cloud provider will be able to meet the need accordingly. As mentioned before, cloud users only need to pay for they use, as such even when the company chooses to reduce its data it will still be able to do so. Off-peak and peak capacity requirements can be met by cloud providers quite quickly as a result of having scalable systems (Haugen, Musser, 2013). Cloud platforms can be for purposes of disaster recovery and business continuity planning. System failures, accidental deletions, hacking incidents and other disasters can occur anytime. However, cloud providers usually have multiple backup options for the data they hold. Should anything happen to the primary data, they could always resort to the backups. The organization can benefit from having their precious information hosted offsite, away from potential disasters that might strike their physical premises. With just access to an internet connection, having operations back and running should happen in the shortest time possible. (Rittinghouse, 2010). Aligning Cloud Technology and Analytics to Business Processes Interface Screen Layouts The illustration below is the layout for data analytics. The illustration below is a data collection interface. The illustration below is a data reporting interface. Recommended Solution Provider Amazon Web Services is the largest and most experienced provider of cloud services in the market today. As a pioneer in the field, it has amassed enormous experience and can, therefore, meet the needs of its clients most effectively. Among the many services provided by its cloud platform if analytics. These services can be offered to any company anywhere in the world as long as the client can have access to an internet connection. The organization would greatly benefit from the world class infrastructure and service offered by Amazon Web Services. References Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact. MIS quarterly, 36(4), 1165-1188. Haugen, D. M., Musser, S. (2013). Technology and the cloud. Rittinghouse, J. W. (2010). Cloud Computing: Implementation, Management, and Security. Hoboken: CRC Press.

Essay --

The play â€Å"An Enemy of the People† focuses on the truth and how different characters expose their outlook about it. Each of the characters are enthused by diverse things, so intern, they act in certain ways. Consequently, they end up in battles due to their differing opinions about the truth of the water. For example, Mayor Peter Stockmann acts in more aggressive way, because he’s motivated financially. Doctor Thomas Stockmann attempts to uncover the truth because of his worry of the public’s well-being and because he trusts that he’s doing the correct thing. Katherine supports Doctor Stockmann because she’s inspired by family and faithfulness towards her husband. Hovstad, a political radical, yet very corrupt as he enjoys stirring up drama as long as he isn’t directly involved. Everyone’s motivated by different things that are important to them, whether they are right or wrong they’re persistent in their beliefs. Mayor Stockmann had to disregard the reality because of money. Cash played a big role which moved Peter Stockmann to neglect the condition of the Baths therefore ending up in a battle with his brother Doctor Stockmann. Ever since the town added it, much income from the Baths, the Mayor didn’t want to uncover the truth to the public. Mayor Stockmann made the remark. â€Å"Of course it will be necessary to raise a municipal loan† (Ibsen 55), this proves that he’s being covetous and implying that at times, its most appropriate to hide the truth because individuals will get annoyed and attempt to repair the problem. Nonetheless, fixing the issue will take much finance and the Mayor’s awfully worried about money and reputation. He refused to put time and money in fixing the pipelines in the Baths so he chose to hide the truth and ... ...Stockmann, Doctor. Thomas Stockmann, Katherine and Hovstad all trust that what they’re doing is right and they feel that they must defend their ideas. Sadly to say, but Mayor Stockmann’s motivation is solely based upon money, Dr. Thomas Stockmann’s inspiration is morally the truth, Katherine is worried about the protection of the family, and Hovstad, just want to play both sides of the fences, because he is scared to be in the minority and afraid of the Mayor. These inspirations help each person to advance and form their character and disposition as the play continues. I feel that, it was very interesting to see how people will act in order to make themselves look good to the crowd. Even if it is the truth, and there is one person standing for truth and one hundred standing for a lie, people will sacrifice and be happy to be with the lie, because it is more people.

Wuthering Heights-the Structure and Style Transcend the Time

Wuthering Heights —— The Structure and Style Transcend the Time Emily Bronte describes the principal human conflict as one between the individual and the dark, questioning universe, a universe symbolized, in Wuthering Heights, both by man’s threatening and inner nature, and by nature in its more impersonal sense, the wild lonesome mystery of the moors. The structure and narrative style of Wuthering Heights transcend her time. Emily didn’t follow the regular and secular romantic writing techniques at that time, in contrast, she surpassed and created some new skills which modern readers are apt to understand and love. In this article, you will find the following six aspects of the writing style, including the approach of the story’s center step by step with spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, symbolism of the two generations, the love which makes the negative turn to be positive, the dark satanic hero, and the alternant emotion with contradiction throughout the whole story. Emily has written a novel which seeks to move ever closer to the center of a unique and remarkable human relationship, and the very structure of her book emphasizes this movement. In Chapter One, for example, readers are as far as possible from the heart of the story’s experience due to the innocent guesses of Lockwood (the narrator or diarist). However, later chapters move progressively closer to the heart of the story, and the beginning, with its subtle suggestions of an old tragedy and with Lockwood’s naive judgments of Heathcliff, will come to be prophetic. Therefore, the plot of Wuthering Heights is not sequential and linear, but described as a spiral circle compared with other coetaneous novels. That is to say, readers have been always following Lockwood to circle around the center of the story step by step, until the origin of the tragedy vividly comes in front of their eyes. In spite of the spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, which is another exquisite narrative technique, capture readers’ hearts. The last chapter tells of Heathcliff’s slow disintegration and death. The death itself is preceded by a fasting, reminiscent of the fasting which precipitated Catherine’s final illness. Because Heathcliff is described as robust and healthy shortly before his sudden decline, we suppose that it is his overwhelming desire or will to die and to return to his beloved Catherine, the thought of which â€Å"lights his face with a strange joy†(Wuthering Heights 137) for days, that really kills him, and not the mere abstinence from food. The structure of the book achieves an almost perfect symmetry in the death of Heathcliff. And the end of the novel as at the beginning, the master spirit is staring out into a storm, searching for Catherine. Emily Bronte features similar destiny about the two generations, but different endings of them. She describes this kind of symbolism by giving the names Catherine and Linton. Both Catherine (Catherine Earnshaw and Catherine Linton) marries Linton (Edgar Linton and Linton Heathcliff), who they don’t love most. The mother Catherine dies before the book is half over, but her spirit continues to rage in the turbulent air of Wuthering Heights, haunting Heathcliff, and also returns, healthily subdued, in her daughter Cathy. The daughter finally gains happiness which stretches over two generations. And we may say that these two Catherine can be considered as one person who is also the heroine throughout the whole story. The other is about Linton. Linton Heathcliff, who is â€Å"a nervous, sickly, effeminate child, weak-willed and petulant like his mother, and, like her, the pitiful victim and tool of his father† (Wuthering Heights 112)inherits disadvantages from both sides of his parents——the peevishness and self-pity of the mother and the bad temper of the father. It is ironic but the symbolism is clear. Hate is barren. Contrast to hatred, the love in this novel is also particular. Heathcliff and Catherine suffer from the separation for many years even after the heroine’s death. Only death can bring them together because of those insurmountable social and conceptual gaps even though Catherine’s nature is â€Å"a nature that is one with Heathcliff’s† (Wuthering Heights 58). Heathcliff's whole life is an embodiment of the force of evil. Contemplating his history is like peering at a beloved film of a picture: everything that should be dark is fading and everything that should be light is covered with darkness. Heathcliff and Catherine love each other by inflicting pain on one another instead of permitting pleasure. They did not live together when they were alive; they could love together after they died. They sustained themselves not by eating but by refusing to eat. It is Emily Bronte’s triumph as novelist that as her book proceeds, the negative becomes positive. Even in the end, through the rumors, â€Å"Catherine and Heathcliff walk the moors at night and even appear within the house at Wuthering Heights. (Wuthering Heights 140) They finally get together after they died and the negative death turns to a positive and extricable ending. And about the typical hero of the novel, Heathcliff is one of the most attractive characters in the history. To answer the question why he is so popular, it should be attributed to the black description of this â€Å"dark Satanic† hero. â€Å"Heathcliff, of course, is frequently compared to a demon by the other characters in the book. † (Sparknotes: Literature Study Guides: Wuthering Heights: Analysis of Major Characters) At first glance he may seem entirely wicked, even a criminal. The vicious way in which he destroys Hindley and brutalizes Isabella suggests that he is a man for whom sympathy ought to be impossible. Yet Emily Bronte manages her dark hero a sympathetic figure. When he has gone so far as to drive Lockwood out into the storm alone, there comes one of the overwhelmingly lyric moments in the novel as Heathcliff leans far out of the window and implores the spirit of Catherine to come in. The depth of feeling, the compassion of which Heathcliff is plainly capable in this scene, forces us to reconsider our judgment of the man. Without question he is brutal, but just as plainly he has within him the potential for great tenderness and love. Obviously, this potential has been destroyed somewhere along the line, and those readers, their interest aroused in how this could have happened, read on. Besides the hero, Heathcliff, who we love to hate, the fluctuation of alternant emotion is also a point of contradiction throughout the novel — — violent but dreamlike, brutal but romantic, fanatical but gloomy, all of these consist of a piece of deserted wilderness with mysterious beauty. Readers easily feel lost into the anxiety and disturbance that Emily delivered to them, as well as the desire to explore the ins and outs of the whole story under an intangible force. And the last paragraph that Lockwood said to himself in the end of the novel gives readers a peaceful and harmonious aftertaste despite of all the thrilling revenge and love. â€Å"Under that benign sky; watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells; listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass; and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth. The metaphor here is about the hard â€Å"heath†, which is a part of Heathcliff, comparing with soft wind, in order to leave hope for readers. The six aspects above can be divided into two parts: the structure and the characters which of both have been created surpassing the time of Emily Bronte. On one hand, the spiral circle and the correlation between the end and the beginning, is th e key to the structure of the novel. The book begins in 1801, on the very rim of the tale, long after the principal incidents of the story have taken place. Readers are far from the heart of the novel in the first pages, however, blundering along with the guide Lockwood later. Gradually we spiral in toward the center. But neither Lockwood nor Dean is unperceptive and we must struggle hard before we can actually achieve the true center of the novel, the passionate last meeting of Heathcliff and Cathy in which, for a moment, we are permitted to stare into the heart of the fiery furnace. On the other hand, about the most powerful character in the novel, the darkness and violence that was in Heathcliff from the beginning, is in every man. And because this darkness is so primal and so universal, it can never be overcome. It persists, implacable and unchangeable, a comment not just on one man’s special sorrow but on every man’s dark heritage. That is why a dark Satan is more attractive than a pure Angel in readers’ hearts. And Heathcliff is a powerful figure not only because he is rooted in the traditions of his own time, from which he draws strength, but also because he makes a universal statement about man’s nature, which continues to strike readers today as remarkably fresh and modern. Therefore, no matter the structure or the character that attracts lots of readers in history, the remarkable sense of the privacy of human experience, is clearly the central vision of Wuthering Heights and it is always being transcending the time. Works Cited Bronte, Emily, Wuthering Heights, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005 Gui Tuoqing, Selected Readings in English and American Literature, Beijing: China Foreign language Translation Press, 1985 Wuthering Heights, http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/wuthering/canalysis. html , , : ,1994 , , : ,2000

decision making essays

decision making essays More than thirty years have passed since the dramatic cling of arm in the remote Himalayan region of the Sino-Indian border. This Time gap seems to be appropriate for a correct reexamination of the conflict. The account of India's attempt to find balance with China, ever since the Kongska Pass incident in 1959 until the attack of 1962, is not merely a fact sheet that we can brows and toss away. In stead we have to link each idea to the event and causes that might have played a role in the conflict. Ever since 1959 the border problem between Asia's biggest two nation states has been picking up speed at a threatening speed. The year 1962 was the unfortunate year for India, which knocked out any possibility of understanding between China and India. Of course, such an act of terror could have not started without some kind of the reason, whatever it may be. The chronological order of pre-crisis decisions taken India's authorities are that the latter helped Nehru convey his thought and policies to the outside world in a forceful and organized manner (Brecher, 1959). But as Rajani Palme Dutt said in his book "The problem of India," foreign policy was exercised "more behind the scenes than in meetings of the committee." Both Menon and Nehru acted to the desire of Nehru. It was often when the Foreign secretary would take to Pant drafts of diplomatic correspondence and get the reaction which was usually at Nehru's request (Hoffmann, 1990). Foreign policy makers Nehru, Menon and Pant shared a common worldview which clearly showed their psychological predisposition, drawn from the sources of their personality, idiosyncrasy, ideology, tradition, culture and history. As we shall see further down, in the mainstream of common ideas and beliefs, they indeed had some differences. But all these men used the "attitudinal prism" (Hoffmann, 1990), the lens through which they filtered and structured the information thus perceiving the worl...

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Essays

The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Essays The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Paper The Early New England and Chesapeake Regions Paper Even though the New England and Chesapeake regions were settled by people from the same country, they developed into very different societies because their original settlers were tremendously diverse. The Chesapeake region inclined more towards work and business, while the New England region was very family oriented. While the emigrants to the Chesapeake region came for financial reasons, the Puritans came to New England to run from religious persecution. And finally, the Chesapeake area was very unstable and under conflict while the North maintained law and order. Emigrants to the Chesapeake settled primarily for financial reasons, and the Puritans settled the New England area for religious matters. As we know, the Puritans originally settled in the Mass. Bay Area Colony and believed they were on a mission from God. God almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath disposedwe must knit together in this and work as one man (doc. A). The Puritans believed that they were an example for the rest of the world and that the eyes of all people are upon us. Emigrants to the Chesapeake region moved for financial reasons, most likely being young, indentured servants. Some of them believed that there was a treasure of gold in the colonies. They dug gold, washed gold, refined old, and loaded gold (doc. F). The emigrants were usually young, around ages 19-30 (doc. C) looking for a means of financial gain. Moving on, the Puritans of the New England area usually came to the New World with their entire families, while emigrants to the Chesapeake region were single, mostly young men. The Puritans hoped to establish communities in New England, thus they brought along their whole family. Joseph Hull, a minister, brought along his wife, 7 kids, and servants to the New World (doc. B). These people literally dug out their roots and planted them in the New World.

Stratification of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stratification of Education - Essay Example According to Pierre Bourdieu, low income families lack enough to offer for their sons and daughters to use as other learners from affluent families. The best they can do is to offer good counsel and encouragement regarding the issue of education and lack of finances. The children might not get sufficient education because of lack of adequate resources or send them to higher institutions of learning like universities as would richer families. He also argues that lower middle class does emphasize on the values of education given the school does offer them a chance to achieve all they want through mixing of values from cultural prestige and social classes. An elimination process does occur in the time spent in school for getting of education. Chances of entering higher institutions of learning do vary depending on social classes. The son of a company manager has an 8 time likelihood of getting to university, as that of an agricultural worker, and forty times as that of a factory worker and twice as that son or child of an employee in a very low salaried grade of a staff. A family does transit either directly or indirectly to the children of that family. This means that children from low income families have a lesser likelihood of acquiring education because of the income disparity in the society. Middle class children get exhortation and encouragement from their families regarding school work but get an ethos of moving on and being ambitious in the society. Individuals without education that is sufficient become burdens to the society because financially they feel impacted. They will always want to live on others and spend what they have not worked for. The society feels a pinch because of such individuals given they play a negative role in building the society. In most cases, they strain the meager resources and finances that those who attended school have. This makes them be parasites, not only to

Main Rules of Energy Governance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Main Rules of Energy Governance - Assignment Example Energy security remains a major concern to most emerging economies, mainly due to overreliance on nonrenewable sources by most of these countries. Consequently, most governments prioritize energy security over climate change. The need to address global climatic changes, therefore, has mainly been driven by developed countries (Ren & Zhenyu 635). Presence of electoral rules that strongly favor major political parties derailed the rapid growth of wind-power in the US. On the other hand, the presence of stable energy policies coupled with financial incentives ensured that Germany experienced rapid growth in wind-power earlier. Despite this difference, both countries rank among the top three global generators of wind-power. Conclusively, one would identify the nature of the electoral systems in the two countries as the overall political factor that makes each of their pursuit of wind-power distinctive (Shepherd & Li Zhang  186).  

Trip to Hinduism temple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trip to Hinduism temple - Essay Example Another interesting point that I noticed is a little box for donation which is place next to each Statue. I acknowledge that any temple needs maintenance which, in turn, requires money. Since religious institutions can not directly ask for money, people are encouraged to make donations. This was particularly interesting for me as it shows that different religions all over the world actually have a lot in common, even in such daily matters as donation boxes. What was even more important is that visitors were not allowed to take pictures. I believe this shows that people who come to the temple to pray to their gods find it particularly disturbing when other people come to the temple as if they were visiting a museum. I thought that this prohibition was quite logical. Speaking of the aspects of my visit that surprised me the most was the need to take off ones shoes prior to walking into the temple. To my mind, this is one of the most intriguing aspects about Hinduism temple as the place feels so much different when one walks around barefooted. There is no doubt that this tradition is conditioned by the warm climate of India. Continuing the idea of similarities between religions, I was surprised very much to learn that there was an analog of Christian Sunday school – the Hinduism temple that I visited also had a little school on the other side of it. It is quite obvious that this shows a close connection between religion and society as well as how there two important aspects mutually shape each other which may be seen in the form of education. Finally, I was quite surprised to learn that many people who attended the temple were wearing traditional Hinduism clothes. I believe that this is extremely important since this kind of clothes allowed them to maintain and reinforce their identity through religious as well as through garments; it also reflects the fact that they treated

Cronulla Riots Essay Example for Free

Cronulla Riots Essay The beachside suburb, known by residents as Gods Country, saw the spread of violence in a series of ethnically motivated confrontations in the week of December 11th 2005. This day saw the gathering of nearly 5000 people, most of Anglo Celtic background, some locals, some from other Sydney beachside suburbs such as Maroubra and Brighton, in order to reclaim the beach after two middle eastern youths attacked Cronulla lifesavers earlier in the week. The notification of the gathering was sent via mobile text to people all around Sydney, inviting them to join in the fight for Australians right to reclaim their beaches. Violence broke out due to a combination of mob mentality and alcohol and many ethnic individuals were attacked and assaulted. Signs and t-shirts read discriminatory sayings such as Fuck Allah, Save Nulla, Love it or Leave it, Wog Free Zone and We grew here, you flew here. The following nights saw incidents of retaliatory violence and vandalism by those of Middle Eastern decent; throughout Sydney, and from Wollongong to Newcastle protests of both sides were present. Police locked-down areas of Sydney including Western Sydney, guarding those who were to enter and leave and searched cars and checked identification for those entering the Sutherland Shire area to avoid the occurrence of further incidents. The fight divided many of Sydney, and called for Australians to address their notions of the identity of Australians or more specifically, what is to be Australian? the community was shock to see such violence in a quiet neighbourhood.

Employment Relationship in Industrial Relations

Employment Relationship in Industrial Relations The employment relationship between an employer and an employee has often led to being described by two different terms ‘Industrial Relations or ‘Employee Relations. These, though seen as interchangeable terms often have been under the scrutiny of writers. Employee relations in general can be seen as a relationship between any employer and his workers, i.e., be it in the form of domestic labour, self-employed employers or professionals. On the contrary, Industrial Relations take into account employment in all spheres where economy activity takes place, i.e., industrial relationship. Since there is a misconception that Industrial Relations is just concerned with the study of trade unions, strikes, labour markets etc., and hence in some books writers have used the term employee relations to evade these among general public. However, in context with UK, the term industrial relations is seen to be more appropriate. Industrial relations is a multidisciplinary field and is influenced by a lot of internal as well as external factors. The main actors that play an important role in affecting a countrys industrial relations system are employers and management of an organisation, third-party agencies like the state and finally, employees and their representatives, i.e., trade unions. However, it must be noted that each of these actors have functions towards themselves as well as towards the role of other actors. In other words, there is a dependency between all of them. Brief Overview of the Current Changes in Industrial Relations over the last three decades In the last three decades, i.e., since 1980s the industrial relations in Britain has undergone a massive reform. The major changes undergone include the demise of collective bargaining, decline in trade union recognitions and membership density, a reduction in the number of strike activities and an increase in the intervention on law in the industrial relations since 1979. Moreover, there have been reforms in the organisation of the work which is related to restructuring of labour market, new management practices adopted by the employers and globalisation. However, in order to understand how these changes have played a role and influenced the present industrial relations, it is important to have a look at the historical background of it prior to the reforming. Industrial Relations in UK Historical Overview, i.e., before 1979 Earlier, it was seen that the central matter of industrial relations in UK was the concept of ‘free collective bargaining, a term introduced by the Webbs and developed in practice by the trade unions. According to this, the rights of the employees like wage determination among others were supported by the trade unions present in organisations. It was their peak presence during 1960s and 1970s which contributed to the decline of UKs economy because of them leading to increasing unemployment and lower productivity. The employers believed in the old tradition of unscientific management where all the costs regarding technical staff as well as capital were kept to minimum. And any alternative systems regarding organisation of work and for controlling of labour were looked upon as risky. Also, it was seen that the state was not looked upon as a part of the industrial relations system and a contributor towards labour strength due to both the employers and trade unions implying collect ive bargaining or voluntarism phenomenon (as it was called) not wanting any kind of legal intervention. Unions believed that the presence of law might take away workers from unionising and hence just believed in a labour law system and moreover, since employers looked for employee cooperation and productivity, they encouraged trade unions. Owing to all these factors, the Industrial Relations in UK till 1960s started being looked as a problem because of low wage, low productivity and increasing strike activity. Therefore, the concept of reforming it was a prime concern. Now we shall see how there has been change in the management of industrial relations during the last three decades and what does it tell us about the influence of the three major actors on the current framework of industrial relations in UK. Change in the Role of State and Law and its influence During the last three decades, there has been a drastic change in the legislative frameworks with the coming up of Conservative Governments during 1980s and 1990s and the Labour Party beyond 1997 contributing to the development of participation by the law in industrial relations moving beyond the traditional voluntary approach among organisations. The criticism by pluralists that state couldnt play any role in industrial relations was not justified during the Conservative Government Period of 1979-1997. During this period, the government curbed the presence of the trade unions and eradicated the collective bargaining phenomenon with an aim to restricting individual employment rights, giving more freedom to the employers. However, owing to the EUs directive influence on the domestic UK Law, there were a number of issue mismatches between the UK policies and the EU employment policy. As a result of which, UK opted out of the EU Community. Nevertheless, the influence of the EU is still seen there. These de-regulatory measures did not contribute much towards juridification of the industrial relations and the employment relationship was still determined voluntarily. Also, due to the changing law, it was seen that in the period after 1980s and 1990s, the number of days which had been lost in dealing with strikes suffered a decrease indicating that the strike pattern in UK observed a diminishing trend. The influences of these successive Conservative Governments show that the role of the state has had only a negative impact on industrial relations. Though, a number of acts and commissions were developed in order to combat certain issues, but the outcome was very different. In regard to the trade unions, The Employment Act in 1982 made sure that they suffered penalties for all their wrong doings as a result of which the statutory immunities enjoyed by them were gradually reduced. This showed the restoration of the private law. Also the restrictive re-regulation of collective action made changes in the unfair dismissal law to protect the rights of strikers. Both these regulatory techniques made sure that a fully functional labour market was restored unlike before. However, it is noted that though the legislative change provided unions with some national leadership like controlling of strike ballots, it has also led to the deterioration of the financial expenses of the unions. Similarly, the rising influence of the European Community Law saw policies like equality in pay for equality in work between men and women and employment protection taking place in Britain. In spite of restoration of the Equal Pay for Equal Work in 1983, the negative economic outcomes of legislative action relation to pay and productivity have been there. The removal of wage councils has led to pay differences in low-wage sectors and hence widened the pay inequalities in UK. As for the contribution of legislation in improving economic performance, it has only been seen in areas where unionism and closed-shops have eradicated. Moreover, it was Conservatives who were keen on the idea â€Å"of de-regulating labour markets and removing ‘obstacles to the free operation of market forces (Blyton and Turnbull, 1998)† for which they wanted to remove trade unions. However, adopting a strategy based on cost-reduction (i.e., the least labour costs) in times of high levels of unemployment, bad economic activity state, deficits in payments etc., only led to the uprising of an economy having low skill, productivity and wage along with being technologically backwards. Therefore, it is seen that although the successive Conservative laws has reformed the old traditions of UK industrial relations relying on centralised bargaining systems and absence of statutory rights but it hasnt managed to solve many of the problems like that of still continuing unemployment and no legal protection right with employees (be it collective or individualistic). But, post 1997, Labour Party came into force and has been there since then been, maintaining a balance between using legal regulation where required like in new concepts of national minimum wage, individual employee rights and supporting collective bargaining and employee representations along with retaining some earlier Conservatives approaches like restrictions on strikes and internal trade union procedures. But still some restrictions on industrial relations from previous times like the ballots are still there. Moreover, in this period UK signed up with the EU Social Charter which resulted in current legal framework developments like working time regulation and improved rights for non-standard workers among others. This new legislation has also affected the British industrial relations in a different number of ways with having positive along with negative implications. The current Labour Law sees that a legal intervention is a source of employment rights in Britain and the Labour Party seems to maintain labour flexibility with fair universal minimum standards unlike the previous governments. The most important piece of legislation introduced by the Labour Party was the introduction of National Minimum Wage and its influence is seen in the sense that it prevented employers from cutting pay and hence did not affect employment and inflation adversely. Also, in order to support collective bargaining, there was a statutory procedure to gain trade unions recognition under the Employment Relations Act 1999. Though, the current legal framework in UK shows there has not been an aim to remove old philosophies and accept new changes but the aim is to maintain continuity. Nevertheless, it is still evident that there have been tensions and contradictions due to the present Labour Government balancing between pressures from the domestic law as well as maintaining the standards of the EU employment law. This has led to compromises between many aspects like those between managerial freedom and workers relationship and not all EU developments being welcomed in spite of the no longer opposition to becoming a part of it. Furthermore, though the Labour Government has advocated social partnership and fairness, but it is unclear as to how it will achieve these by retaining the old Conservative Law practices of restriction on trade union governance and strikes along with ensuring flexibility in labour market. Also, in UK the employees still have no rights to bargain which is considered important by the all the other European states as necessary and legitimate elements for the industrial relations to work effectively. It is also questionable that how will productivity and flexibility increase in an environment of removed individualistic legal rights and counteracting collective representation. Change in Employers and Management Strategies and their outcomes The earlier British management style was predominant on collectivism but depended on a hostile union-management relationship along with the cost-driven individualism. Moreover, till 1980s, management as an actor in Industrial Relations was not given much importance due to it being considered as not interested in changing things and just responding to the other actors being trade unions and the state in its decision making. However, after the period of 1980s, management has started getting lot of attention owing to its increased activity in taking a lot of initiatives leading to the emergence of lot of key issues. Firstly, it is due to the development of management models which shows the respective roles of it as being a system actor, a strategic actor and a capital agent. However, all these three models arent sufficient to explain the role of management which is diverse consisting of complexity and variety. Secondly, due to the non-presence of legal regulations and multi-employer bargaining, it might be easy for British managers to opt for any choice but this is not as such and can be influenced by variables like sector, size, occupation etc., indicating the variety of management practices. Also, as the British economy shifted after 1980s, the industrial relations underwent a change and the interest of employers too changed. The current framework sees an attitude of social partnership and voice arising from EU policy giving much more rights to employees though not to a great extent as also indicated by the role of state. This new UK policy has begun to reshape the participation of the employees by a direct and an indirect impact and also though the increased legal regulation. Moreover, attempts to involve EI into management practices and consolidate and integrate voice measures indicate the confident approach of the current British management towards organisational participation. Furthermore, new management prerogatives have emerged with changes in the thinking of management and strategic intentions of large firms to manage labour with an emphasis on individualism moving away from the traditional norms of collectivism in 1970s. They are looking forward to a single-employer bargaining system which helps firms link its labour to the product market and brings in new payment systems and grades along with need for more flexibility, single unionism and individualisation of industrial relations. Therefore, this new strategy shows moving away from external market structures by linking industrial relations to the needs of business. In spite of all these changes, the influence of the new management too hasnt been that good. It is clear that employers after 1980s and 1990s adopted individualistic manners for determination of pay conditions and shift from the collectivism approach led to the introduction of two different styles involving high commitment practices in a union as well as non-union environment. However, what ais seen contrasting here is that, even though union presence led to encouraging efficient management along with the high commitment practices and partnership agreements with the employees relating to a new form of collective bargaining so as to increase productivity, still it has not been possible to identify the current style of management. The main reason seen to be is that after 1980s, the decline in unionism has allowed management wider choice to choose which style to adopt be it with unions or without. And evidence still suggests that â€Å"management are driven more by a cost-minimisation and opportunistic approach to employees, reflecting more than anything a traditional lifestyle (Edwards, P. 2003)†. Also, the deregulation of collective bargaining has led to the development of organisational employment systems with employment relations dependency on human resource management having minimized unionised role. Furthermore, there also have been problems with individualism or non-collective reforms stating that they cannot comply with a single formula. An example of this is seen from the fact that in order to restructure and reorganise its business when Knowco created an individualised employee relations it was faced with employee insecurity and low trust between managers and staff. And hence it is worth questioning that whether, the use of individualism will protect the firms or worsen competitive tendencies. These facts state that the present influence of management is to manage its employee relations both individually and collectively. To add to all this, despite decline in unions as a means of employee representations, still more and more companies are indulging in partnership in the presence or absence of trade unions. And even though there has been a shift from conflicting industrial relations to a one with new employment trends, still the new employers and unions have a striking relationship. This is due to the new management strategy model consisting of its effects on trade unions and partnerships. Hence, even without partnership or with it, trade-unions will have to make organisational participation work as well as manage tensions and conflicts in employment relationship skilfully. Lastly, it should be pointed that the managements main aim is cooperation and compliance both in regard with its employees, but the problem faced by the former till date is the old managerial issue of maintaining a labour which is cost-effective, productive and co-operates. This is due to the fact that the management in UK still relies on short-term tendencies. Moreover, the absence of the trust between employees and management is the biggest obstacle for a better industrial relations system in UK. This is evident from the so called Labour Partys social partnership strategy, according to which where there are no employee rights either governed by law or through rights in a de-regulated market; employees can just trade their pay for their labour resulting in exploitation by employers. Therefore, for management to effectively contribute for the development of better Industrial Relations and improve the UK industry, it should bring about a change in its attitudes so as to build up trust and confidence in its workers along with concentrating on enhancement of productivity than maintain cost-minimising approach. Changes in Trade Unions and their influence Though the unions have been at their highest peak till 1979, but after this with the emergence of the Conservative Governments, there has been a decline in Union membership from 55% in 1979 being at its peak to 33% presently along with a huge demise in collective bargaining indicating a continual drop in trade union recognition after 1980s. Though, union membership is required, but if it doesnt influence dealings with the management it is not worth anything. The 2004 WERS survey showed that in comparison to the 1998 survey there has been a fall in union recognition from 33 to 27 percent. Also, 77 percent managers agreed that they would directly speak with the employees instead of wanting trade unions to fight for employee rights in comparison to 8 percent who disagreed to it. Moreover, 33 percent stated that unions dont help in improving performance at the workplace in comparison to 23 percent who agreed that they improve. These results show that management believes in generally sett ing terms for its workers, with legislation, trade unions and industry agreements playing a minimalist role. In the current scenario, by means of interviews with different industry employers and unions, a case study shows the impact of Employment Relations Act (ERA) 1999 on trade unions and employers. According to the study, there has been a widespread agreement between the two with employers recruiting mangers with an ability to deal with unions showing no hostility towards unions and unions tolerating the legal law interference by the government. Most of the employers have agreed to the statutory recognition of the unions and started reviewing their policy of anti-unionism. Though they have accepted the presence of unions, still they give them limited rights seeking their views for organisational changes but giving them no influence on pay-setting. However, while giving employees consultative rights, ERA moves away from the contemporary industrial relations practices taking it back to the adversarial system. This can affect trade unions by giving them a chance to develop their presence wi th no-members. This indicated that collectiveness of workers is returning but with an attitude of representative and consultative agreements rather that the old norm of free collective bargaining. Contrary to this is a fact that though this collectiveness gives consultations rights, it might make unions have more influence on employers by the former just letting the latter know of the key issues and this might make them freer from the dependence on the fundamental levels of the lay activists. This weakening of power of the unions can be attributed to have taken place due to a variety of global changes highlighting an employment shift from unionised to non-unionised sectors due to competitive product markets and internationalisation of labour markets. Also, restructuring of employment led to more self employment and a fragmented workforce with the size of the workplace being smaller, indicating challenges for the unions to recruit elsewhere which they couldnt afford due to lack of resources and organisation skills. Though a contrasting point was that in 1980s during unemployment rise in the entire Europe, when all countries unions brought a wage cut to stir employment opportunities, UK was the only exception with its distribution of wages brining a real gain. A discussion on union membership in countries outside and within OECD during 1970-2003 showed that there is a level of decline in the union density in many of these countries (except four) with unions being more popular in public than private sectors. This was also evident from the WERS 2004 Survey, according to which union density in public sector was 64 percent compared to meagre 22 percent in the private sector. Although there was a probability that more male members were a part of unions but females too were there though in public sectors noted again by the WERS Survey (53 percent women being members compared to 46 percent men). The most important feature which came out from the discussion was that age plays a major role in deciding to be a member in unions and it follows an inverted U-shape with maxima at 50. This is due to a main factor that since young and new workers in a union are usually paid less than that of the older union workers, it becomes an added advantage to employ ers to hire them. Also, a number of possibilities arise like older union members quit their jobs and get promoted to non-union jobs in order to increasing their earning levels, older members though enjoy union benefits, they forget to pay their union due etc. The increasing decline in Unions in 1980s and 1990s along with the increase in non-union workplaces show that the reversal of this trend is unlikely. However, these findings indicate that unions now know how they can get recognition through different routes (example: the participation in ballots) by the ERA. But, the potential of this act to control decline can be seen as a future research agenda for industrial relations. Unions have not been able to influence the Industrial Relations in a positive way, in spite of the fact that during the reforms of unions in 1980s and 1990s, their decline has been able to stop the decline of UKs economy to an extent, because of the new legislation adopting a ‘third way of interaction between the government and the unions, thereby eradicating the phenomenon of anti-unionism. They still are faced with a number of challenges. The key problem is that there is still rivalry between unions for members in UK which leads to a lack in coordination between union movements and depicts further problems of recruitment and organisation. They also have to deal with the challenges of their decreasing membership along with the increasing managerial attack in the form of policies of cost-reduction leading to the unions having to bear a scope with limited finances. Also, there has been evidence by a research conducted on to test unemployment measures effects on inflation results , which lead to the fact that high union density can cause unemployment and hence shouldnt be there. Finally, though the presence of the traditional unionism approach of collective bargaining can although lead to a less attrition rate, it also contributes to low productivity and poor performance in jobs in firms. Thereby, it should be stated that in order for the industrial relations in UK to not crumble further and rise again, the unions have to find a way to deal with these current problems. Conclusion In the end we should examine whether Industrial Relations in UK has really improved from the previous times. There have been some positive as well as negative outcomes. Firstly, though there has been a decline in the number of strike activities saving work stoppage days but other problems have also arisen particularly relating to an increase in number of ACAS or tribunal cases with employees complaining about the behaviour of their employers. This suggests that the climate at workplaces still shows a dispute between managers and employees perceptions. Secondly, diminishing collective measures and resorting to individual measures indicate the present scenario has little place or role for trade unions to influence events. However, a contrary point to this is that, the concept of individualism is already seen as a failure and hence the recognition for the efficaciousness as well as legitimacy of representation by collective interest is seen to be encouraged both by the UK as well as the European Law. Also, the efficacy of challenging systems of workers involvement, i.e., partnership and high performance workplaces indicate more scope for trade unionism analysis in future. Finally, in spite of the fact that Labour Party will maintain legal regulations in employment conditions and markets, UK becoming a part of the EU Social Charter, leads to the imposition of EU laws into the national laws which can have implications on domestic laws like the directive introduced in national system for informing and consulting workers. To sum it all it can be said that the Industrial Relations in UK can be improved to a greater extent if all the actors in it, i.e., state, management and trade unions realise the need for long-term measures indicating a wider area for the rights of employees and the joint regulation of the employment relationship.