A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 953 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Effecting over 15 million people worldwide. Of those 15 million cases 5 million will die and a further 5 million will be left disabled. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Review of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke" essay for you Create order Currently there is little to no treatment for stroke, this leaves patients with a large deficit of treatment. Thus, there is a pressing need for new and effective treatment option. Stem cell therapy (SCT) is a well-established treatment method that has proved its self in other hematological diseases. This fact coupled with some promising results shown from animal models that show significant functional benefits have led research to the bedside. This review provides a brief history and scientific background to the stem cell therapy of ischemic stroke (IS). This will then be followed up with evidence of current clinical trials including a discussion of the various route of delivery, cell type, timing of treatment and number of cells used. Finally, the review will end with a discussion of what will become of stem cell therapy in the distant future. INTRODUCTION Stroke is a major cause of serious disability and the second largest cause of death in the world. Stroke is also very expensive taking up to 2-4% of all healthcare costs. Even if the age specific strokes stay constant or decrees slightly the number of new cases of stroke will rise each year with the advent of the ageing era. Stroke has been categorized as 1) ischemic (obstruction); 2) hemorrhagic (bleeding); 3) transient (transient ischemic attack) by the American Heart assertion, with ischemic stroke accounting for 85% of all stroke cases [3] it will be focus of this review. An ischemic stroke results from artery occlusion in the brain, which if left untreated will lead to cell death in the affected part of the brain. Current treatment of (IS) Is to use tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) a medication that can help remove the clot in the brain. Unfortunately, this medication is only useful if administered within 3-4.5 hours after the stroke [5]. Aspirin can also be used as a deter rent to stroke but only provides a 1% absolute reduction in death and recurrent (IS) [1]. Most patients over time show some spontaneous recovery after stroke. This recovery can be attributed to cell regeneration in the brain, this regeneration until recently was thought to be impossible. This process of cell recovery has been named neurogenesis [2,3]. However, this recovery is often incomplete. Creating a need for further cell recovery in the brain. This with the evidence of neurogenesis have sparked the creation of experimental work investigation cell transplantation therapy in (IS). Background and developments in Stem Cell therapy for Ischemic stroke The clinic approaches of (SCT) can be divided into endogenous and exogenous approaches. The endogenous approach aims to stimulate the stem cells already present within the induvial. This uses a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) which is used to mobilize stem cells for transplantation in hematological damaged areas [5,6]. This has shown promising results in animal studies showing direct benefits in cognitive regeneration. Several phase II trials are currently underway to investigate its efficacy in (IS). The exogenous approach involves the transplantation of stem cells directly into the damage area. This involve in vitro culture of cells and cell expansion prior to admission. This review will focus on the studies using exogenous approaches to (SCT) in (IS), as it is seeing a lot more focus from the stem cell community. Following a stroke, both neural and supportive brain tissue elements are lost, unlike other neurogenerative disease that target a specific neuronal type. SCT for IS, therefore focuses on regenerative strategies to restore both neurol elements but supportive elements as well such as blood vessels. Many stem cells have been tested and evaluated in humans for their potentials in this use. Neural stem cells (NSC) It now generally accepted that neurogenesis originated from neural stem cells (NSC) that are located in specific regions of the adult mammalian brain. Throughout life creating new populations of neurons [17]. NSC can be isolated for fetal and adult mammalian brains. Multiply studies have shown isolation of NCS from adult rodent brains [18,19], and also a newer study has moved on to isolation in the human brain [20,21]. Preclinical studies explore the feasibility of using NSCs to treat IS. When giving NSC through intravenous or stereotactically route the NSC have been shown to survive, migrate towards the lesion and differentiate, while promoting tissue repair, consequently improved neurological function and recovery in ischemic rodent [15,16]. Studies have shown that delayed intravenous transplantation of NSC at 3 days after ischemic stroke exhibited delayed neuroprotection by suppressing inflammation and focal glial scar formation, suggesting that NSCs had the potential to extend t he therapeutic time window for ischemic stroke treatment [21]. There is currently a phase trial planned using commercial derived NSC named CTX to be delivered by stereotactic injection in patients with IS. While NSC show promise the practicability of routine brain biopsies for isolation of adult human NSC is not, leading many researchers to exploring other methods of SCT with cells that are more accessible. Bone marrow derived stem cells Bone marrow derived stem cells consist of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). HSCs are the precursors of all the blood and lymphoid cell lineages. MSCs give rise the stromal cells of the bone marrow. The stromal cells consist of chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts. Bone marrow is an attractive choice for isolating stem cells for being easily accessible, autologous (coming from the same individual) meaning there would be no need for immunosuppressant medication. Bone marrow cells have been shown to migrate to the brain a dissociate into cells the express neuron-specific markers [37]. Both populations of bone marrow cells have been studied extensively on their potential for neuronal differentiation and possible use in neuroregenerative therapy.

Essay Morality And Power - 930 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Thucydides’ written history of the Mytilenian Debate and the Melian Dialogue reflects the reality of a period where morality is dependent on the exercise of power and those who possess it. The main theme running through the course of these two debates is that those with the power to act as they wish inherently have the power to dictate morality. The arguments that decide the fate of the Mytilene are made not strictly on the basis of morality but on how their power allows them to exercise the moral course they choose. The Melian dialogue reveals how those in power can dictate morality in terms of self-interest. Both cases also demonstrate how morality is also a function of self-interest. The question of the†¦show more content†¦The two options on the table are to either slaughter all the inhabitants, as had been previously agreed upon, or to leave them without severe punishment. Cleon, the Athenian responsible of initially deciding to slaughter Mytilene, argued that it was necessary to take his brutal course of action for the safety of the empire. He stated succinctly that â€Å"leadership depends on superior strength and not on goodwill.† (Thucydides, p.213) He believed that killing the Mytilenians was a question of safety for the empire; If you are going to give the same punishment to those who are forced to revolt by your enemies and those who do so of their own accord, can you not see that they will all revolt upon the slightest pretext, when success means freedom and failure brings no very dreadful consequences. (Thucydides, p.216) In this statement, Cleon argues that Athens has a moral duty to put down this revolt in the harshest way. He makes it a moral argument because it is in the self-interest of Athens, and any state, to protect its citizens. It is their moral duty. The Mytilenians, in their own self-interest, would argue that it is immoral to slaughter a whole population. They are both right. Subsequently, the council decides not to slaughter the inhabitants of Mytilene. They are convinced to â€Å"look for a methodShow MoreRelatedMorality and Will Power in Lucifer in Starlight by George Meredith617 Words   |  3 PagesLucifer in Starlight, written by George Meredith, concerns the differences between nominalism and realism in terms of morality and will power. The central theme of this poem revolves around the notion that Lucifer has no place other than hell, and any attempts at returning to heaven is impractical. Meredith combines irony, along with his own distinctive tone and style, to portray his idea of natural law. As with any poem, the title can sometimes be a reference to other works of fiction, the BibleRead More An Analysis of Joseph Nye’s Use of â€Å"Soft Power† and its Relationship with Morality in International Relations3033 Words   |  13 PagesAn Analysis of Joseph Nye’s Use of â€Å"Soft Power† and its Relationship with Morality in International Relations Recently, the United States has lost a great deal of power in the international arena because of its invasion of Iraq and torture of prisoners of war. The United States holds an incredible edge in military capabilities over any other nation and the US benefits from the largest economy in the world. In a world where there is one single superpower, why is that superpower unable toRead More Thrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThrasymachus Perspective on Human Nature Thrasymachus perspective of human nature is that we all seek to maximize power, profit and possessions. He gives the argument that morality is not an objective truth but rather a creation of the stronger (ruling) party to serve its own advantage. Therefore definitions of just and unjust, right and wrong, moral and immoral are all dependent upon the decree of the ruling party. Thrasymachus argues that acting morally, in accordance withRead MoreExposing The Weakness Of Confucianism1604 Words   |  7 Pagesand in order achieve social harmony; individuals must live by moral examples of superiority. This entailed unequal relationship in human society: the father has power over his son, the husband has power of his wife, the older brother has power over his younger brother, the eldest son has power over his mother, and of course, leaders had power of individuals. With this idea, Confucius believed that this would create equal balance between the importance of families and the importan ce of state and nationRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Friedrich Nietzsches Beyond Good And Evil1528 Words   |  7 PagesIn a selection from â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil†, Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher and philologist critiques the secular and religious moralities as having similar origins. In the beginning of â€Å"Beyond Good and Evil†, Nietzsche says that if the world was â€Å"to refrain mutually from injury, from violence, from exploitation, and put ones will on a par with that of others†, it would result in somewhat of a sense in good conduct between people, if the conditions necessary to do so are given. NietzscheRead More Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsches Philosophy on Good and Evil1123 Words   |  5 Pages(master) fighting for the will to power, while the weak (slave) tries to pull the master down to their level using clandestine forms of revenge. Nietzsche believed the slave morality was one that included humility, obedience, and submission, and was the destructive choice and attribute of Christianity, while the master morality was full of arrogance and pride and that power of man himself is what needs to be attained. Nietzsche sought to prove that the master morality was the only true way to successRead MoreChristian Morality Has Become A Tale Of Shame930 Words   |  4 Pages According to Nietzsche genealogy of Christian morality has become a tale of shame – wherein the weak promote the propagation of a lie and foster a mistaken explanation for suffering. By overlooking the will to power that occurs naturally in all the people, Christianity cages, and dulls the will preventing it from expressing itself. This in turn creates problems by removing the individual’s ability to master their own life – turning them into puppets under the guidance of the government. From theRead MoreMaster Morality vs. Slave Morality: Neiztche867 Words   |  4 PagesMaster Morality vs. Slave Morality: Neiztche Wikipedia defines morality as â€Å"a system of principles and judgments based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which humans determine whether given actions are right or wrong.† (Wikipedia Morality) Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, a German philosopher thought up of the idea that there are two moralities; The master and slave morality. These define a person by there actions to there world around them and how they handle certainRead MoreMoral Values And Good And Bad Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Nietzsche, there is a distinction between â€Å"good and evil† and â€Å"good and bad.† The former stems from what he calls the â€Å"slave revolt in morality† or herd morality, while the latter from master morality. In master morality, â€Å"good and bad† are non-moral values, while in slave morality, â€Å"good and evil† take on moral values. To distinguish â€Å"good and evil† from â€Å"good and bad† is to recognise that values can be moral or non-moral. Moral values are rules that seem to be universal or objectiveRead MoreEssay on Morality and Religion Debate1143 Words   |  5 PagesMorality and Religion Debate In an organized religion debate, Alan Dershowitz and Alan Keyes contended many issues on religion and morality. Alan Dershowitz, a Harvard law professor, believed that morality can be maintained without religion. He also stated that it must be maintained without religion because times have changed. He said that if religion is not separated from state it could have severe damage, such as the Crusades and the Holocaust. Dershowitz believes that there is a difference

Difference between Branding and Advertising Free Essays

Branding is a marketing strategy in which a name, slogan or logo is assigned to a product or a service for the market to recognize and be familiar with them. A good brand name should be; legally protectable, easy to pronounce, easy to remember, easy to recognize, attract attention and make a clear distinction amongst competitors. This process of assigning name aims at increasing the product or service perceived value to the potential customer currently and in future. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference between Branding and Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now Companies may create brand variations from the same product so as to produce a product that will fit the desired market and gain the retail shelf space. The rationalization of brands can be done time to time so as to increase production and marketing efficiencies. Advertising is also a marketing tool in which producers of goods and services uses media to communicate and educate the public on the information concerning their product or a service to reach a targeted population. This service is provided freely or charged at fee by organizations that legalized to offer the service. In each country there are rules and regulations that stipulate ways in which advertising is to be done. This includes the timing, placement and the content to be included in the advert. Various forms of media are used to deliver the messages include; print, audio, digital or video depending on the type of audience expect to get the information. Although advertising is necessary for economic growth its increase in public areas has negative effects on the society. Branding and advertising are both strategies that are used by marketing agencies of a product so as to compete effectively with other companies producing similar products. After a product or a service is made, a brand name is designed to it and then an advertising media is selected so as to inform the public of the product and where it can easily be found. Thus branding was as a result of increased varieties of products serving the same purpose and companies had to develop uniqueness in their products by giving the names that differentiate them from others. Advertising then is employed to reach the target population by use of billboards, television commercials, radio, newspapers, internet or any other place where audience can easily see or hear. For a product or a service to be marketed globally, there are important factors to be incorporated when branding and advertising. First developing brand name which will be familiar with all potential customers depending on their localities so that they can easily associate the product with the name, making best of use advert and increasing the rate of installing advert locally and in other countries will ensure unification and healthier competition amongst brands from different countries. Communication between countries can be improved through advertising when information concerning a product is done in foreign countries. Cultural and natural heritage exchange between nations can be realize through branding and advertising cultural activities which are practiced in one country but not practiced in another country like visiting museums and parks. All these activities in the long run create a close business relationship amongst the countries over the globe where products and services available in one country are offered in other countries advertising media and business transaction can be exchanged. Thus branding and advertising can be used as agents of globalization in social, cultural, political technological, economical and ecological aspects from one county to another. How to cite Difference between Branding and Advertising, Papers

Middle Age and Renaissance Art Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Middle Age and Renaissance Art Persuasive Essay Byzantium Art had characteristics of religious art, somber ones, flat, one dimensional, no shadows, narrow, and solemn faces. Medieval Gothic Art broke away from Byzantium Art and Romanesque styles. Changes included: Brighter colors, sculptures, metal work out of bronze, stained glass, use of shadows and light, use of symmetry, and depiction of animals and mythological scenes (middle-ages. Com, 2013). Ghetto did Bonnets The Last Supper was a painting from this period. Renaissance Art began in Italy around the late 13th and early 14th century and continued through the 17th century. Art from this period was mostly of religious nature. It was described as a period of rebirth. This was a time of greater prosperity and new technologies. There were three major phases of Renaissance Art, Early, High, and Late. In these phases inspiration came from antiquity, creating realistic figures that had portrayed personality and behavior (history. Com, 2013). Focus was on the laws of proportion for architecture, human body, and space. Experimentation with oil based paints allowed the artist to change his art as he wished for months as it didnt dry fast. Leonardo dad Vines The Last Supper was a famous painting from this penned. MIDDLE AGE AND RENAISSANCE ART 2 The Last Supper by Ghetto did Bonded and Leonardo dad Vinci both were based on the New Testament. In the Last Supper by Ghetto did Bonded, he did not attempt to imitate reality; there is no depth, and no light source. The goal was to teach the Christian faith. The Last Supper by Leonardo dad Vinci was the first to depict reality, with each person displaying an emotion. This is what made his work remarkable (history. Com, 2013). Both Middle Age art and Renaissance art had religion as common ground. The Middle Ages was a separation of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. It reflected the difference between the development of the Catholic religion in the west and Byzantium Empire. Renaissance art was mostly religious stemming from the end of the Middle Ages. Renaissance art was more visually accurate and secular. It had more realistic backgrounds that indicated realism, creativity and appreciation of physical nature. The purpose was decoration and self-expression, not like the middle ages. By Renaissance art introducing realism, it allowed the common person to enjoy tales, and this tradition continues in todays society.